dietary risk factors

• what is smoking?

  practice involving a substance being burnt and smoke being inhaled and absorbed into the bloodstream.
• how does smoking affect health status?

  Increases morbidity and mortality for respiratory diseases
• what is high bmi?

  weight which is above the healthy weight range (25+). High BMI is overweight or obese
• how does high bmi affect health status?

  • Increased prevalence of related diseases (Type 2 diabetes)
  • Increased mortality of related diseases
• how does underconsumption of vegetables affect health status?

  • Increases prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular diseases
  • Increases morbidity, incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases
  • Increases mortality rates of non-communicable diseases
• how does underconsumption of fruit affect health status?

  • Increase risk of high BMI
  • Increased morbidity and mortality related to cardiovascular diseases
  • Increased infant and U5 mortality rate
  • Decreased life expectancy and HALE
• how does underconsumption of dairy food affect health status?

  • Increased morbidity due to osteoporosis
  • Increased morbidity and mortality in relation to cardiovascular disease, colorectal cancer, type 2 diabetes
• types of fat

  • Healthy: monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
  • Unhealthy: saturated, trans
• how can high intake of fat affect health status?

  • Increased DALY (stroke, coronary heart disease)
  • Increased morbidity and mortality related to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
  • Decreased life expectancy and HALE
• how can high intake of salt affect health status

  Increases prevalence and incidence of hypertension and osteoporosis
• how can alcohol affect health status?

  • increased rate of infant and maternal mortality
  • Decreased life expectancy
  • Higher incidence of conditions
• how can a high intake of sugar affect health status?

  • Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
  • Increased prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes
  • Increased morbidity among children
• types of fibre

  • Soluble: lowers cholesterol, stabilise blood glucose levels
  • Insoluble: absorb water to soften contents of bowel
• how can a low intake of fibre affect health status?

  • Increased risk of obesity
  • Increased prevalence of coronary heart disease
• how can a low intake of iron affect health status?

  Increased incidence and prevalence of anaemia among middle-aged women
• what is folate?

  important for pregnant women and reduces the risk of neural tube defects such as spina Bifida)
• what are antioxidants?

  neutralise free radicals which reduce the risk of cancer - found in vegetables and fruits