Irish

• What were the reasons for Irish migration

  • Housing
  • Collapse of agriculture
  • Increase in poverty
• How did agriculture collapse

  • Potato famine: 1845= a third of all crops gone, 1846= all crops gone
  • Popultion increased, could not feed everyone
• How many die from starvation

  1,000,000
• How many migrate to England

  2,000,000
• Why was housing bad

  • landlords were English Catholics but tenants were Irish protestants
  • caused high rent, with bad housing
  • caused poverty and anger against landlords
• Why weren't their many jobs

  • Belfast was the only industrialised city
  • Jobs were mainly weaving and enlarging docks
  • Most Jobs given to protestants, so Irish Catholics especially were impoverished
• why did so many starve

  British bought all the food from Ireland thinking it will help improve their wealth, but they then had no food
• What type of jobs did they do

  • Hard labouring jobs on the docks
  • Some joined the British Army
• How many joined the British Army in 1868

  55,000
• disadvantages of working on the docks

  • dangerous, so many killed, and families left in poverty
• What did they face socially?

  Prejudice and hostility
• Who were the Chartists

  People who campaigned for universal suffrage
• what act didn't give them the right to vote

  1832 Reform Act
• Who were the two prominent Chartists

  Fergus O'Connor, William Cuffay
• What did Feargus O'Connor do

  • MP in County Cork
  • Fought for tenants rights
  • founded the Northern Star newspaper
  • Speeches
  • But violent, so went to prison
• What did William Cuffay do?

  • Kent born, son of a slave in the Caribbean
  • Took part in a strike
  • President of the London Chartists
  • supported militant action, so got sent to Tasmania
• Working as navvies, what did Irish and Italian migrants do

  • build locks, docks, and tracks for railways
  • dangerous,
• How did working as navvies benefit the economy

  • better trade, industrial towns grew
  • travelling for holidays became easier
  • fresh fruit, and fish, which improved diet
  • newspapers circulated more