lesson 2

• DEFINITION OF TERMS:

  1. Human reproductive system - organ system by which humans reproduce and bear live offspring.
  2. Reproduction – process of producing offspring.
  3. Genitals – external sex organs
  4. Primary sex characteristics – sex characteristics that are present at birth.
  5. Secondary sex characteristics – sex characteristics that emerge during puberty.
  6. Gonads – reproductive organs of humans.
  7. Puberty - is a phase of rapid growth, at the end of which the body reaches reproductive maturity. 
• Humans

  • Experience physical and emotional changes from childhood to adulthood
  • These changes are gradual, progress at different ages, and speed in different people
• Each person has a Pair of GONADS:

  • Female: Ovaries
  • Germ cell: Ova (egg)
  • Male: Testes
  • Germ cell: Sperm
• Gonads - produce germ cells and sex hormones
• THE BIOLOGICAL FEMALE

  • designed for the production and fertilization of ovum
  • carrying delivering infant offspring
  • Puberty signals the final development of primary and accessory organs that support reproduction.
• 1. The female external genitalia consists of the following: 

  • Labia majora – outer lips surrounding all the other structures.  
  • Prepuce – clitoral hood (foreskin above and covering clitoris);  
  • Clitoris – glans (head), shaft, and crura (root), sensitive to stimulation;  
  • Labia minora – inner lips surrounding the vestibule where sweat and oil glands, extensive blood vessels, and nerve endings are located; 
• • Urethral opening – end of tube connecting to bladder and used for urination;  
  • Vaginal opening – also called introitus;  
  • Mons pubis - located over the pubic bone and the pubic symphysis joint. It also contains glands that begin secreting pheromones. These are substances involved in sexual attraction
• B. The female internal reproductive structures:  

  • Vagina – collapsible canal extending from vaginal opening back and upward into body to cervix and uterus.  
  • Cervix – small end of uterus to which vagina leads. It is the opening in cervix leading to leading to interior of uterus;  
  • Uterus – womb, organ within pelvic zone where fetus is carried;  Fallopian tubes – carry egg cells from ovaries to uterus, this is where fertilization occurs; and  
  • Ovaries – produce estrogen and progesterone
• Puberty

  • The menstrual cycle marks the beginning of puberty in females.
  • The first episode occurs between 11 to 15 years of age referred to as menarche.
• Female secondary sexual characteristics emerge after puberty:

  1. widening of hips and pelvis – accommodates giving birth, but also results in downward shift in center of gravity.  
  2. enlargement of breasts – the glandular tissue of the breasts responds to sex hormones. It also produces milk toward the end of pregnancy and after childbirth in response to hormone levels. 
• More female characteristics:  

  • Generally shorter than men;  
  • Greater proportion of body weight composed of fat than men;  
  • Two X chromosomes reduces expression of many sex-linked conditions; 
  • Lower mortality rate at every age and longer projected lifespan than men. 
• THE BIOLOGICAL MALE

  • designed for the production and delivery of sperm for fertilization of the female’s ovum. 
  • Puberty signals the final development of primary and accessory organs that support reproduction.
• 1. \The male external genitalia consist of the following structures: 

  • Prepuce – foreskin covering head of penis, removed in male circumcision;  
  • Penis glans (head), shaft, and root.  
  • Corona – rim of glans where it arises from shaft;  
  • Frenulum – thin strip of skin connecting glans and shaft on underside of penis;  
• • Scrotum – sac that encloses the two compartments housing the testes;  
  • Urethral opening – found on head of penis and used for urination and semen delivery by which male ejaculates;  
  • Perineum – area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus. 
• More Male Characteristics:

  • Taller and greater proportion of body weight (composed of water)
  • Larger heart and lungs (handle greater blood fluid)
  • Greater levels of testosterone
• • Heavier body and facial hair, but increase frequency of baldness
  • Single X chromosome: can lead to colorblindness and hemophilia (sex-linked)
• DEFINITION OF TERMS: 

  1. Ovulation – the process when a mature ovum is released from the ovary and travels to the fallopian tube for possible fertilization. 
  2. Fertilization – union of the sperm and the ovum. 
  3. Pregnancy – the process when an offspring develops within the mother’s womb. 
• The Process of Reproduction

  • differences between males and females are accentuated at puberty
  • Puberty is when the reproductive system matures, secondary sexual characteristics develop, and bodies of male and females become more distinctive.
• How does one ovulate?

  • Major landmark of female puberty: Menstrual Cycle
  • The menstrual cycle is from the first day of a period until the day before the next period starts
  • Menstruation is the loss of blood and tissues lining in the uterus
  • the monthly ovulation cycle the leads to menstruation in absence of pregnancy
• • Average lasts 28 days, but in some cases, 21 or 40 days.
  • Ovulation will happen about 10-16 days before the start of the next period.
• How does pregnancy occur?

  • For pregnancy to proceed, the sperm needs to meet up with an egg.
  • Pregnancy officially starts when a fertilized egg implants in the lining of the uterus.
  • Pregnancy happens 2-3 weeks after sexual intercourse.
• • Conception is the process that begins with fertilization of an egg by the sperm and ends with implantation.
  • Ejaculation or coming releases the sperm via the penis into the vagina.
  • Sperm swims through the female's cervix>womb>fallopian tubes
• • Once the egg or ovum has been released into the fallopian tube, hundreds of sperm swim up to reach it.  The sperm penetrates the egg in the fallopian tube where fertilization takes place and eventually, becomes an embryo.
  • Embryo - fertilized egg
• • Once the embryo (fertilized egg) attaches to the inner lining of the uterus (endothelium), a fetus develops within five to seven days from a ball of cells floating in the uterus, which officially begins pregnancy.
  • A normal pregnancy lasts 32-42 weeks (nine months). This is measured from the first day of the last period. 
  • After eight weeks (2 months), the embryo is officially referred to as a fetus. 
• Teenage or Unwanted Pregnancy 

  What can be done to prevent teenage pregnancy?

  • Equipping the youth with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to protect themselves against unwanted pregnancy and provide them access to reproductive healthcare are needed. 
• What are the health effects of early pregnancy in the growing adolescent?

  1. “Obstructed labor” is the result when a woman is under 20, the pelvic area (the bone surrounding the birth canal) is still growing and may not be large enough to allow the baby to easily pass through the birth canal. 
  2. Uterus may tear during the birth process if the young woman is not physically mature. 
• 1. Other complications: 

  • Excessive vomiting
  • severe anemia
  • Hypertension
  • Convulsions
  • difficulty in breastfeeding
  • premature and low birth weight babies
  • Infection
  • prolonged labor
  • high maternal mortality or death.
• Male Condom: rubber sheath that fits over the penis

  • How it works: Rolled over the penis
  • Effectiveness: 80-85%
  • Benefits: Low cost, easily accessible, and reduces risk of STDs/STIs
  • Instruction for use: Low cost, easily accessible, and reduces risk of STDs/STIs
  • Other Benefits: Can be effective in prevention of STIs and HIV/AIDS
• 1. Implantable Hormone Device 

  • keeping a calendar of the length or each menstrual cycle
  • How it works: Continuous release of hormones
  • Effectiveness: 99%
  • Benefits: Continuous birth control for five years
  • Instruction for use: Implant of the capsule in the upper arm; done by the doctor
  • Other Benefits: None
• 1. Calendar Method: woman predicts the day of ovulation by keeping a calendar of the length or each menstrual cycle

  • How it works: Allows the woman to keep track of “safe” days for sex
  • Effectiveness: Theory 85%; Reality 60%
  • Benefits: No cost and under the control of the woman
  • Instruction for use: Woman must keep track with the help of a calendar
  • Other Benefits: None 
• 1. Sterilization 

  • vasectomy for males 
  • tubal ligation for females
  • How it works: Passageway for the sperm or the egg is surgically tied
  • Effectiveness: Theory 100%; but some have exceptions
  • Benefits: Highly effective, permanent, and one time expense 
  • Instruction for use: Doctor performs an operation
  • Other Benefits: None
• 1. Birth control Pill: contains synthetic oestrogen  

  • How it works: Alters natural ovulation cycle
  • Effectiveness: Theory 99-100%; some have conceived while on “pills”
  • Benefits: Low cost, easily available, and controlled by the woman 
  • Instruction for use: Taken daily after menstrual cycle begins 
  • Other Benefits: None
• 1. Birth Control Injection: given in the first days of the menstruation and then every 2-3 months 

  • How it works: 
  • Effectiveness: Not known
  • Benefits:
  • Instruction for use: Given by the Doctor
  • Other Benefits: None
• 1. Withdrawal: removal of the penis from the vagina before ejaculation 

  • How it works: Prevents the semen from going into the vagina
  • Effectiveness: Theory 85%; Reality 70%
  • Benefits: No cost under the control of the man and woman involved
  • Instruction for use: Dependent on the man 
  • Other Benefits: None
• 1. Intrauterine Device (IUD): is a small T-shaped plastic and copper device that's put into your womb (uterus) by a doctor or nurse. It releases copper to stop you getting pregnant, and protects against pregnancy for between 5 and 10 years.

  • How it works: Inserted inside the uterus by a Doctor
  • Effectiveness: Theoretically 95-98%
  • Benefits: Long-lasting and relatively inexpensive
  • Instruction for use:
  • Other Benefits:
• Risk-taking is defined as participation in potentially health compromising activities with little understanding of, or in spite of an understanding of, the possible negative consequences.

  • is a normal part of adolescent development.
• Adolescents experiment with new behaviors as they explore their emerging identity and independence. 

  • may begin to explore alternative health behaviors including smoking, drinking alcohol, drug use, sexual intimacy, and violence.
• The Department of Health

  • in its Adolescent and Youth Health Policy (2000), has identified the following health risks:

  1. Substance use
  2. Premarital sex
  3. Early childbearing
  4. Abortion
  5. HIV/AIDS
  6. Violence
  7. Accidents
  8. Malnutrition
  9. Mental Health
• TROUBLE SIGN among TEENS:  

  • Sexual promiscuity 
  • Regular use of drugs and alcohol  
  • Repeated violation of the law or school regulation 
  • Running away more than once in three months
  • Skipping school more than once in three months
  • Aggressive outburst/impulsiveness  
  • Dark drawings or writings
  • Deterioration in hygiene 
  • Oppositional behavior 
  • Refusal to work/non-compliance
  • Chronic lateness 
  • Falling asleep in class
  • Changes in physical appearance
  • Excessive daydreaming.
• DEFINITION OF TERMS: 

  1. Intersex – refers to individuals born with any of several sex characteristics including chromosome patterns, gonads, or genitals. 
  2. Nondisjunction – the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.