Reversible reactions and industrial processes

• What is a reversible reaction?

  A reaction where the products can react to reform the reactants; shown by the ⇌ symbol.
• What is the chemical equation for the Haber process?

  N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) ⇌ 2NH₃(g)
• What are the reactants in the Haber process?

  Nitrogen (from air) and hydrogen (from natural gas).
• What are the optimal conditions used in the Haber process?

  Temperature: 450°C, Pressure: 200 atm, Catalyst: Iron.
• Why is a moderate temperature used in the Haber process?

  To balance a good yield with a reasonable rate of reaction.
• How do you test for ammonia gas?

  It has a pungent smell and turns damp red litmus paper blue.
• What are the three stages of the Contact Process?

  1) S + O₂ → SO₂; 2) 2SO₂ + O₂ ⇌ 2SO₃; 3) SO₃ dissolved in H₂SO₄ then diluted to form H₂SO₄.
• What is the reversible step in the Contact Process?

  2SO₂ + O₂ ⇌ 2SO₃
• What are some common uses of sulfuric acid?

  Used in making fertilisers, paints, dyes, fibres, plastics, and detergents.
• What does concentrated sulfuric acid do to sugar?

  It removes water (dehydration), leaving black carbon.
• What does concentrated sulfuric acid do to hydrated copper(II) sulfate?

  Removes water, turning it from blue to white.
• How is ammonium sulfate made?

  By neutralising ammonia solution with sulfuric acid.
• How is ammonium nitrate made?

  By neutralising ammonia solution with nitric acid.
• Why are nitrogenous fertilisers important?

  They provide nitrogen for healthy crop growth and higher yields.
• What is the test for ammonium ions (NH₄⁺)?

  Add sodium hydroxide and warm; ammonia gas is released and turns red litmus paper blue.
• What are the benefits of using fertilisers?

  Increase crop yield and help meet food demand.
• What is eutrophication and how is it caused?

  Fertilisers washed into water cause algal blooms, oxygen loss, and aquatic life death.
• Question

  Answer
• What is a reversible reaction?

  A reaction where the products can react to reform the reactants; shown by the ⇌ symbol.
• What is the chemical equation for the Haber process?

  N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) ⇌ 2NH₃(g)
• What are the reactants in the Haber process?

  Nitrogen (from air) and hydrogen (from natural gas).
• What are the optimal conditions used in the Haber process?

  Temperature: 450°C, Pressure: 200 atm, Catalyst: Iron.
• Why is a moderate temperature used in the Haber process?

  To balance a good yield with a reasonable rate of reaction.
• How do you test for ammonia gas?

  It has a pungent smell and turns damp red litmus paper blue.
• What are the three stages of the Contact Process?

  1) S + O₂ → SO₂; 2) 2SO₂ + O₂ ⇌ 2SO₃; 3) SO₃ dissolved in H₂SO₄ then diluted to form H₂SO₄.
• What is the reversible step in the Contact Process?

  2SO₂ + O₂ ⇌ 2SO₃
• What are some common uses of sulfuric acid?

  Used in making fertilisers, paints, dyes, fibres, plastics, and detergents.
• What does concentrated sulfuric acid do to sugar?

  It removes water (dehydration), leaving black carbon.
• What does concentrated sulfuric acid do to hydrated copper(II) sulfate?

  Removes water, turning it from blue to white.
• How is ammonium sulfate made?

  By neutralising ammonia solution with sulfuric acid.
• How is ammonium nitrate made?

  By neutralising ammonia solution with nitric acid.
• Why are nitrogenous fertilisers important?

  They provide nitrogen for healthy crop growth and higher yields.
• What is the test for ammonium ions (NH₄⁺)?

  Add sodium hydroxide and warm; ammonia gas is released and turns red litmus paper blue.
• What are the benefits of using fertilisers?

  Increase crop yield and help meet food demand.
• What is eutrophication and how is it caused?

  Fertilisers washed into water cause algal blooms, oxygen loss, and aquatic life death.