part 2

• Autonomic or involuntary nervous system


  Controls involuntary body functions
• Sympathetic (thoracolumbar outflow) and parasympathetic (craniosacral outflow)


  Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
• Brain and spinal cord


  Central nervous system consists of ___ and ___
• Peripheral nerves


  Peripheral nervous system consists of ___
• Sensory (Afferent) Division


  Which division of the PNS: transmits impulses from receptors to the CNS
• Sensory (Afferent) Division


  Which division of the PNS: contains sensory receptors
• Somatic sensory


  This is under the Sensory (Afferent) Division
• Somatic sensory


  Receives sensory information from internal and external environment
• Motor (Efferent) Division


  Which division of the PNS: transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs (muscle and glands)
• Somatic nervous system (voluntary) and autonomic nervous system (involuntary)


  These are under the Motor (efferent) division
• Somatic nervous system (voluntary)


  MOTOR INNERVATION OF ALL SKELETAL MUSCLES
• Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)


  Motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and all glands
• Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions


  The divisions under the Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary)
• Sympathetic division


  Which division under the Autonomic Nervous System: Mobilizes body systems during emergency situations (fight or flight)
• Parasympathetic division


  Which division under the Autonomic Nervous System: Conserves energy, promotes non-emergency functions 'rest and digest
• True


  True or false: The two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System work in an integrated and complementary manner to maintain involuntary functions and homeostasis
• False, effects usually oppose one another


  True or false: Most body organs have both sympathetic and parasympathetic supply, and their effects usually complement one another.
• False, these are under the Autonomic Nervous System


  TRUE OR FALSE: Such activities include coordination and control of breathing, blood pressure, water balance, digestion, and metabolic rate are under the Somatic Nervous System
• Sympathetic activity


  Which division under the Autonomic Nervous System: Predominates in stressful situations, as it equips the body to respond when exertion and exercise are required
• Parasympathetic activity


  Which division under the Autonomic Nervous System: increased (and sympathetic activity is normally lessened) in calm and non-stressful situations.
• True


  True or false: All presynaptic nerves release acetylcholine
• False, both the presynaptic and postsynaptic release acetylcholine


  True or false: For parasympathetic nerves, only postsynaptic releases acetylcholine
• Parasympathetic, long presynaptic, acetylcholine, short postsynaptic, muscarinic receptor, acetylcholine


  PLASMA stands for?
• Diarrhea, urination, meiosis, bronchoconstriction, bradycardia, emesis (vomiting), lacrimation, salivation

  DUMBBELLS stands for?
• Cranial and sacral spinal nerves (craniosacral)

  The parasympathetic nervous system consists of ___ and ___
• Neurons are not replaced after birth


  Why is there a decrease in neurons upon aging?
• True


  True or false: A considerable reserve of neurons upon aging means that cognitive function is not necessarily impaired.
• False, it is reduced in size and weighs less


  True or false: The brain of older adults is generally increased in size and weighs more.
• FALSE, these are often found around CNS neurons


  True or false: In older adults, plaques, accumulations of protein material, are often found around PNS neurons and neurofibrillary tangles may develop inside them, although their significance is unknown.
• Atheroma (​​fatty substance that builds up in your arteries over time) and Arteriosclerosis (vascular disease where the blood vessels carrying oxygen away from the heart (arteries) become damaged)


  What do u call the decreased blood flow in aging that may develop in the arteries that supply the brain over a long period, making their walls more prone to rupture.
• True

  True or false: Motor control of precise movement diminishes upon aging, meaning that older adults take longer to carry out motor actions than younger adults and they also become more prone to falls.
• True


  True or false: The conduction rate of nerve impulses becomes slower upon aging, and this may contribute to less effective control of vasodilation, vasoconstriction and the baroreceptor reflex.
• False, still retrievable as they remain intact


  True or false: Memory of the recent past typically becomes more difficult to access, and long-term memories, including problem-solving skills, are no longer retrievable.
• True


  True or false: For unknown reasons, some older adults are much more incapacitated by progressive CNS changes than others, e.g. dementia.
• - Increased Intracranial Pressure

  - Head injuries

  - Cerebral hypoxia

  - Stroke

  - Transient Ischemic Attack

  - Cerebral Infarction

  - Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage

  - Dementia

  - Parkinson's Disease

  - Effects of Poisons on the Brain


  What are the 10 disorders of the brain
• Increased intracranial pressure

  Which brain disorder: Caused by Cerebral edema and Hydrocephalus (accumulation of excess CSF)
• Increased intracranial pressure

  Which brain disorder: Caused by Expanding lesions inside the skull (aka space-occupying lesions). Examples are Hemorrhage or hematoma (traumatic or spontaneous) and Tumors
• Increased intracranial pressure

  Which brain disorder: Effects include

  ○ Displacement of the brain

  ○ Obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow

  ○ Vascular damage

  ○ Neural damage
• (A) Subdural hematoma

  (B) Subarachnoid hemorrhage

  (C) Tumor or intracerebral hemorrhage


  What are the 3 types of expanding lesions inside the skull
• Head injuries

  Which brain disorder: Damage to the brain may be serious, even when there is no outward sign of injury