Exiled

Cards (37)

  • Parsons - functionalism (age)
    • age division helps in the transformation of individuals from one stage of the life cycle to another
    • vital to the functioning of society
    • vital for maintaining consensus
    • childhood - children’s socialisation into society, learn the culture of society
    • adolescence - develop independence from parents, some rebellion helps in this transfer
    • youth as a bridge from childhood to adulthood
  • Weber - ethnicity
    • recognised the importance in the difference between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, argued the ethnic differences were also important
    • defined working class in terms of market situation and work situation
  • Evaluation of Weber - ethnicity
    • useful because it suggests that there are other sources of power besides economic power
    • does not provide any ways to distinguish between the different types of inequality
  • Barron and Norris - Dual Market Labour
    primary sector:
    • high-paying jobs
    • better working conditions
    • job security
    secondary sector:
    • lower-paying jobs
    • poor working conditions
    • little job security
    • difficulty within social mobility into the primary sector
  • Li and Devine (2011) - Absolute Mobility
    Men
    • upward mobility - long term mobility from the working class into salariat positions was evident
    • downward mobility - an increase, more men moving down the social class ladder over time
    Women
    • upward mobility - more women were moving up the social class ladder
    • downward mobility - levels remained unchanged over the 14-year period, indicating stability in their social positions
  • Li and Devine (2011) - Relative Mobility
    • greater fluidity, the barriers to moving between social classes were becoming less rigid
    • declining advantages, the social advantages associated with being born into higher social classes were diminishing
  • Peter Wilmott
    • family diversity has been exaggerated
    • family structure has changed to a dispersed extended family
  • Brannen (2003)
    • family structures have changed
    • the beanpole family is the new family type
  • Kelly (2018) - language used by the media
    • young people are dangerous
    • young people are in need of protection
    • young people are immature
    • eg. Derry Girls, youths face bigger issues
  • Lee et al (2007)
    old people are underrepresented by adverts in the UK
    • only seen in 15% of adverts
    • 90% were positive
    • men more visible
  • Stacey (1996) - postmodernist
    sees the diversity and fluidity of postmodern families as allowing individuals to develop lifestyles and relationship that suit their changing circumstances as they move through their life
  • Bauman (2003) - postmodernist
    in ‘liquid love’, see many of these changes as negative
  • Marxists (conflict theory)
    • reject the consensus view that capitalist societies are based on conflict due to class divisions
    • argue that the family serves to maintain the power of those with wealth and preserve the existing economic system
    • people are dominated by the need to earn a living, sometimes working long hours, allowing little time for family life
    • family life tends to revolve around consuming the products of capitalism, eg. the food we buy, leisure etc.
  • Engels (1844) - marxist
    • the family had developed in an evolutionary way
    • there had been no restrictions on sexual behaviour
    • linked the evolution of monogamy with the development of the idea of private property
  • Hochschild (2003) - marxist
    opposes the common-sense idea that each individual possesses a common, discrete, and fixed human nature independent of society
  • Wilmott - extended families
    • most extended families are dispersed, this means the kin does not live in the same household
    • better transport and technology is the cause of widely dispersed families
  • Oakley (1974) - liberal feminist
    • the housewife roles remains the primary role for married women
    • found in her small scale study that only a minority of men could be classified as having a high level or participation in housework and childcare
  • Hakim (2000) - feminist
    women can now make free and rational choices about their lives out of choice (not due to patriarchal pressures), eg. part-time work
  • Stone (1990)
    up until the 16th century, children were regarded as extra workers to help their parents or to be hired out for wages by poor families
  • McIntosh (1996) - the homosexual role
    men who accept the label of homosexuality will fulfil feminine stereotypes, eg. higher pitched voice
  • Schafly - gender
    • men and women were fundamentally different
    • opposed the idea of a need for a gender neutral society
  • Wilson (1975) - the biological view on gender
    • men must be more promiscuous to enhance reproduction
    • women must stay faithful to one man to prioritise the child so that the man is present in its upbringing
  • Hardill et al - gender
    • women have less power in the family than men
    • studied middle class women
    • found that they often return to their husbands to make big decisions, eg. mortgages
  • Hey (1997) - gender
    • female peer groups police each others' behaviour
    • expectations of female behaviour are rooted in patriarchy
  • Denscombe (2001) - gender
    many women now want to be seen as anything but the stereotype of womanhood
  • Gershunny - gender
    • men have had trouble accepting their new social role, they are going through a process of lagged adaptation
    • women's role has changed so dramatically that men have been unable to catch up as quickly
  • Giddens - sexuality
    there has been a transformation of intimate relationships due to a greater acceptance of sexuality, leading to an increase in confluent love
  • Goffman - sexuality
    “impression management” - some people feel they have to hide their true sexual identity because they are worried about the stigmatisation that may accompany their coming out
  • Li - ethnicity
    • women feel the need to wear hijabs when going into job interviews
    • black women with European sounding names found that job interviews would deteriorate when white interviewers found they were black
  • Stacey (1998)
    • women have benefited from new diversity as it has enabled them to free themselves from patriarchal oppression
    • studied American families, majority of women could to reject typical housewife roles
  • Savage (2001)
    found that only a minority of people believed that Britain was a classless society
  • Pakulski and Waters (1996)
    social class is no longer important because in postmodern societies there has been a shift from the production of goods to consumption
  • Marshall (1998)
    • criticised the idea that class is dead
    • surveys frequently show that people still see themselves as belonging to a particular class
  • Calhoun (1997)
    • describes same-sex families as 'family outlaws' because same-sex families differ so much from heterosexual families
    • conservatives see them as threatening the sanctity of family life which has been traditionally dominated by heterosexual norms
  • Maffesoli (1996) - 'neo-tribes' (postmodernism)
    • an alternative name for youth subcultures
    • organised groups of young people without a fixed membership
    • they are mainly concerned with single issues, eg. political goals such as anti-globalisation
  • Bennett (1999) - Newcastle's night-life (postmodernism)
    • found neo-tribes based around fashion, music and lifestyle
    • people easily moved in and out of these tribes and rarely identified with one rather than another
    • they represent fluidity of people moving in and out of groups
  • Polhemus (1994) - the 'supermarket of style' (postmodernist)
    • young people pick and choose when constructing their identity
    • commitment to one style is less common