intropsy chapter 1

• psychology - study of behavior and mental proccesses
• behavior -outward or overt actions and reactions
• mental processes -internal ,covert activity of our minds
• psychology 4 goals -DEPC D- DESCRIPTION E- EXPLANATION P- PREDICTION C-CONTROL
• DESCRIPTION - WHAT IS HAPPENING?
• EXPLANATION - WHY IS IT HAPPENING?
• PREDICTION -WILL IT HAPPEN AGAIN
• CONTROL - HOW CAN IT BE CHANGED
• STRUCTURALISM - FOCUSED ON THE STRUCTURE OR BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE MIND
• WILHEM WUNDT - FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY , developed the technique of objective introspection
• objective introspection- process of objectively examining and measuring one thougth's and mental activities
• EDWARD TITCHENER -wundt's student ; brought structuralism to america
• MARGARET WASHBURN -titchener student ; 1st woman to earn a Ph. D in psychology
• FUNCTIONALISM -how the mind allows people to adapt ,live,work and play ;proposed by william james
• influence modern fields - educational, evolutionary,industrial psychology
• MARY WHITON CALKINS -denied Ph. D cuz she was a woman
• GESTALT -'good figure' focus on studying whole patterns rather than small pieces of them
• GESTALT- a german word meaning ''an organized whole'' or ''configuration''
• MAX WERTHEIMER- who started gestalt ;who studied sensation and perception
• gestalt ideas now part of the study of cognitive psychology

  cognitive psychology; field focusing not only on perception but also on learning, memory thought processes, and problem solving
• PSYCHOANALYSIS -theory and therapy based on the work of sigmund freud
• freud patients suffered from nervous disorder with no apparent physical cause
• BEHAVIORISM -focus on observable behavior only ,must be directly seen and measured
• JOHN B. WATSON - proposed behaviorism
• IVAN PAVLOV- who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned(learned)
• WATSON believed that phobias were learned

  case of ''litlle albert'' baby taught to fear a white rat
• MARY COVER JONES -an early pioneer in behavior therapy

  case study ''little peter ''(counter conditioning)
• PSYCHODYNAMICS PERSPECTIVE -modern version of psychoanalysis

  -focus on the development of a sense of self,motivation for social/inter personal relationship
• BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE -classical and operant conditioning ,concept of reinforcement ,focus on observable behavior
• ( Burrhus Frederic )B.F. SKINNER- studied operant conditioning of voluntary behavior.
• HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE - people have free will : the freedom to choose their own destiny ,early roots of psychology in the field of philo.
• early founders in humanistic perspective : ABRAHAM MASLOW , CARL ROGERS
• COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE -focus on memory, inteligence , perception,problem solving,and learning
• SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE - focus on the relationship between social behavior and culture
• BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE -influences of genetics ,hormones and the activity of the nervous system on human and animal behavior
• EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE- biological bases for universal mental characteristics that are shared by all humans
• 7 modern perspective - psychodynamics, behavioral,humanistic,cognitive,psychological,socialcultural,and evolutionary
• Francis Cecil Summer -first African American to earn Ph. D in psychology at Clark University
• Representative Sample -randomly selected of subjects from a larger population of subjects
• Random Assignment -the process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group.