DevPsych Midterms - Readings

• Phonology involves the rules about the structure

  and sequence of speech sounds.
• Semantics consists of vocabulary and how

  concepts are expressed through words.
• Syntax refers to the arrangement or combination of words into sentences.
• Morphology refers to the use of grammatical markers (indicating tense, active or passive voice etc.).
• Pragmatics involves the rules for appropriate

  and effective communication.
• Language development is a process starting early in

  human life, when a person begins to acquire language by

  learning it as it is spoken and by mimicry.
• Reflexes (birth -1 month): The child

  understands the environment purely through

  inborn reflexes such as sucking and looking.
• Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months):

  Between one and four months, the child

  works on an action of his own which serves

  as a stimulus to which it responds with the

  same action, and around and around we go.
• Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8

  months): The child becomes more focused

  on the world and begins to intentionally

  repeat an action in order to trigger a response

  in the environment.
• Coordination of Secondary Reactions (8-12

  months): Develop certain focuses on the

  demand object. Responses become more

  coordinated and complex.
• Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-24 months):

  Children begin a period of trial-and-error

  experimentation during this sub-stage.
• Early Representational Thought: Children

  begin to develop symbols to represent events

  or objects in the world in the final sensory

  motor sub-stage.
• Cognition is a broad and inclusive concept that refers to

  the mental activities involved in the acquisition,

  processing, organization, and use of knowledge.
• brain is a unique organ of the human body that plays a major role of control and regulation of the whole body.
• reflex is a fast, involuntary reaction to a form of internal or external stimulus.
• locomotion is the ability to move from one place to another.
• ERIKSON’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT - how the individuals learn the ways and means of coming to understand themselves
• Psychosocial development refers to the developing capacity of the child from birth through early years of life to form close and secure adult and peer relationships
• Child-rearing practices are parenting practices in which parents directly

  help their children attain socialization goals.
• Temperament pattern of arousal and emotionality that

  are labeled as consistent and enduring characteristics

  of an individual and also refers to how children behave
• Pro social behavior is defined as “intentional, voluntary behavior intended to benefit another”
• constructive play is one in which the child uses objects or materials to make something, such as a house of blocks or a crayon drawing.
• Functional play involves repetitive muscular

  movements such as rolling or bouncing a ball.
• Play stimulate the senses, learn how to use their muscles, coordinate sight

  with movement, gain mastery over their bodies, and acquire new skills.