Cellular Respiration

• Photosynthesis

  • needs glucose to produce food
  • plants need sunlight to produce chlorophyll
  • chemical formula: 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Cellular Respiration

  • helps the growth, reproduction of plants
  • produce energy (using w or w/o oxygen)
  • only 1 glucose molecule
  • chemical formula of aerobic respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
• glucose with a chemical formula of C6H12O6
• Glucose is the primary source of energy in humans.
• In the excess of glucose in the blood, the liver normally stores it

  in the form of glycogen.
• The liver can store the excess glucose from the blood with the help

  of insulin produced by pancreas.
• Insulin

  • breaks down glucose
• Diabetes

  • lack of insulin
• Cellular respiration is a process that involves the oxidation and

  reduction of molecules to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
• Oxidation is the process of losing electrons
• reduction is the process of gaining electrons.
• Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down organic nutrients from food, such as glucose, to produce energy involving oxygen molecules.
• Aerobic respiration involves four stages—namely glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.
• Oxygen is used in the latter part of Cellular respiration which is used as an electron acceptor resulting in the formation of water molecules
• Glycolysis

  • breakdown of glucose
  • produces 2 pyruvate molecules (a 3-carbon molecule)
  • lysis - means to break
• product of glycolysis then enters the Krebs cycle in which molecules are oxidized and electrons are picked up by electron carriers namely NAD+(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide).
• ETC and Chemiosmosis

  • electrons released by NADH and FADH2 pass through the inner membrane of the mitochondria
• At the end of the aerobic respiration, there are 38 net ATP molecules produced.
• Anaerobic respiration

  • process of producing energy without involving oxygen.
  • happens in the muscle cells of humans and other prokaryotic organisms like methanogens, an archaeon, which uses carbon dioxide as the final electron acceptor instead of oxygen.
• In anaerobic, the final electron acceptors can be nitrate, sulfur, carbon dioxide instead of oxygen.
• Pyruvate that undergoes fermentation will become lactic acid/alcohol and does not enter Krebs Cycle and ETC
• Mitochondria has an outer membrane, an inner membrane that folds into cristae, intermembrane space, and a matrix
• The intermembrane space is responsible for holding the protons that are pumped out of the matrix.
• The mitochondrial matrix is where ATP synthesis and Krebs cycle

  happen.
• Inner membrane

  • enzyme of converting ADP (2) to ATP (3)
  • contains the proteins involved in the electron transport chain as well as the ATP synthase.
• enzymes

  • fastens the process of cellular respiration
• Cristae, on the other hand, are folds of the inner membrane which increase the surface area for ATP production.
• Reactants

  • helpful to start the process
  • glucose and oxygen
• Products

  • molecules produces during and after the process
  • ATP, carbon dioxide, water
• catabolic - to break
• anabolic - to build
• Carbon dioxide, as a by-product of cellular respiration, is expelled from

  the body through the lungs
• oxygen is obtained from the environment.
• Glucose molecules, the simplest form of sugar, are the main source of energy for humans and animals.
• Oxygen is used in the last stage which is ETC