BB LEC 2

• LANDSTEINER’S RULE: 'ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM<|>If you’re blood type A, meron kang Antigen duon sa surface ng red blood cells and have antibody sa plasma mo.<|>Pag Blood type A ka, meron kang A antigen therefore, mayroon kang Anti-B.<|>When you’re blood type B, you have B antigen sa surface ng RBC mo pero ang Antibody na meron ka is Anti-A.<|>Pag Blood type O ka, wala kang antigens (Walang A and Walang B) pero meron kang both Anti A and Anti B<|>For Blood type AB, meron kang both A and B antigens pero WALA kang ANTIBODIES'
• Agglutination


  • Reaction that occurs when the paratope of an antibody binds to the epitope of an antigen
  • In Blood Bank, it should be avoided as it can cause hemolysis, rendering transfused blood useless
  • All transfused blood to a recipient must be compatible to avoid hemolysis
• Antibody (Immunoglobulins)

  • Agglutination occurs when an antigen binds to an antibody
  • Detected in Blood Bank
  • Should be avoided in patients as it causes hemolysis leading to Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
• Hemagglutination


  • Occurs when an antigen on the surface of RBC binds to an antibody
  • Detected in Blood Bank as most antigens are located on the surface of RBC
• Antihuman Globulin


  • Serves as a bridge connecting Ig G attached to the antigen to make it more visible
  • Binds to human globulins (Abs, complement)
  • Also known as Coomb’s reagent or Coomb’s sera
• To make agglutination visible, Antihuman globulin is used
• Ig G is a clinically significant antibody
• Immunoglobulins

  • IgG
  • IgM
• IgG


  • Structure: Monomer
  • Clinically Significant: Yes (reactive at 37 degrees Celsius)
  • Needs antihuman globulin for detection
• IgM

  • Structure: Pentamere (Larger)
  • Clinically Significant: No (Clinically Insignificant, as it is received at cold temperatures)
  • Most efficient in complement fixation and agglutination due to being a pentamer with many binding sites
• IgM


  Agglutination—clumping of cells
• In tubes, agglutination is visible
• Types of antibodies

  • Immune Antibodies
  • Naturally occurring Antibodies
  • Other
• Needs antihuman globulin for detection
• Most Efficient in complement fixation and agglutination

  • Kasi nga pentamer siya thus maraming binding sites
• Agglutination


  Clumping of cells
• In tubes, IgM is visible in agglutination
• IgM is the most efficient in agglutination because it is pentameric
• Clinically significant IgG can be detected by using Antihuman globulin for detection
• Speaker: 'BLOOD BANKING/IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY LECTURE \ SECOND SEMESTER PROF. KENNETH ART C. NARAG, RMT, MLS ASCPi MIDTERM LECTURE 2 INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY'
• Immunohematology

  More commonly known as BLOOD BANKING or BLOOD GROUP IMMUNOLOGY. A branch of hematology which studies antigen-antibody reactions and analogous phenomena as they relate to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of blood disorders
• The first time blood transfusion was ever recorded

  1492
• William Havey described blood circulation, marking the era of blood transfusion


  1628
• Richard Lower transfused blood from animal to animal

  1666
• Jean Baptiste Denys transfused sheep blood to humans


  1667
• Transfusion was forbidden due to disastrous consequences

  1667-1829
• James Blundell of England performed the FIRST HUMAN TO HUMAN successful transfusion from a woman dying of postpartum hemorrhage with the blood of her husband

  1828
• Samuel Armstrong Lane performed blood transfusion to treat hemophilia


  1840
• BRAXTON HICKS recommended SODIUM PHOSPHATE as an anticoagulant, the first ever anticoagulant used for blood transfusion
• ALBERT HUSTIN reported the use of SODIUM CITRATE as an anticoagulant


  1914
• RICHARD LEWIHSON determined the MINIMUM AMOUNT OF CITRATE (0.2%) needed for anticoagulant and demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts. Citrate should be used as an anticoagulant as 0.2% ONLY in blood bank
• Increased citrate in blood bags, along with blood entering the recipient's body, can lead to Citrate Toxicity
• Citrate Toxicity consequences include Hypocalcemia and Hypomagnesemia
• FRANCUS PEYTON ROUS and J.R. TURNER introduced a CITRATE-DEXTROSE solution for blood preservation


  1916
• JOHN LOUITIT and PATRICK MOLLISON of ENGLAND introduced the formula ACD (ACID-CITRATE DEXTROSE)


  1943
• GIBSON introduced an improved preservative solution called CPD (CITRATE-PHOSPHATE-DEXTROSE), less acidic and eventually replaced ACD as the standard preservative


  1957
• Stored red cells to achieve

  Anaerobic glycolytic pathway
• GIBSON introduced an improved preservative solution called CPD (CITRATE-PHOSPHATE-DEXTROSE), less acidic and eventually replaced ACD as the standard preservative used for blood storage


  1957
• Improved preservative CPD


  • Less acidic
• When detecting if Ig G has a reaction with antigen but agglutination is not visible, anti-human globulin reagent is used