Learning Outcomes Q's

• What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

  Anatomy studies structure; physiology studies function
• What are the branches of anatomy?

  Gross, microscopic, developmental, and comparative
• What are the six levels of organization in the body?

  Cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism
• What are the functional characteristics of human life?

  Responsiveness, growth, reproduction, metabolism
• What are the four requirements for human survival?

  Oxygen, nutrients, water, temperature
• What is homeostasis?

  Maintenance of stable internal conditions
• Why is homeostasis important?

  It is crucial for normal human functioning
• What anatomical terminology is used to identify body structures?

  Terms for regions, directions, and structures
• How do medical imaging techniques differ?

  They vary in function and medical use
• What are the six levels of organization in the human body?

  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ system level
  6. Organism level
• What are the eleven organ systems of the human body?

  Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous
• What is the role of homeostasis in the body?

  It maintains internal balance and stability
• What is the difference between negative and positive feedback?

  Negative feedback reduces change; positive enhances it
• What are the three subatomic particles?

  Protons, neutrons, electrons
• What are the four most abundant elements in the body?

  Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
• How does the number of electrons affect an atom's stability?

  More electrons lead to greater stability
• What role do electrons play in chemical bonding?

  Electrons form bonds between atoms
• What are the differences between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds?

  Ionic bonds transfer electrons; covalent share them
• How is energy involved in chemical reactions?

  Energy is invested, stored, and released
• What are the important inorganic compounds for life?

  Water, salts, acids, and bases
• What are the four important classes of organic compounds?

  1. Proteins
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Lipids
  4. Nucleic acids
• How do proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids differ?

  They vary in composition and function
• What is the function of cell components?

  They perform specific roles within the cell
• Why is cell communication important?

  It coordinates functions among cells
• What are the four types of signaling in multicellular organisms?

  Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and direct signaling
• How do internal receptors differ from cell-surface receptors?

  Internal receptors bind inside; surface bind outside
• What are the types of signaling molecules?

  Hydrophobic, water-soluble, and gas ligands
• How does cellular signal propagation occur?

  Through a series of molecular interactions
• How do materials cross the cell membrane?

  Through passive and active transport mechanisms
• What is passive transport?

  Movement of materials without energy use
• What is active transport?

  Movement of materials using energy
• What are the main tissue types in the human body?

  Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
• What are the four types of tissue membranes?

  Mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial
• How do epithelial tissues function?

  They protect, absorb, and secrete substances
• How do connective tissues function?

  They support, bind, and protect organs
• What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

  Contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity
• How does nervous tissue function?

  It processes information and controls activities
• What is the role of the integumentary system?

  It protects the body and maintains homeostasis
• What are the layers of the skin?

  epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
• What are the functions of each skin layer?

  Protection, sensation, temperature regulation