KT2 Challenges at home and abroad

• When was the revolt of the northern earls?

  1569
• Who led the revolt of the northern earls?

  • The Earl of Northumberland
  • The Earl of Westmorland
  • Their wives
• What was the plan for the revolt of the northern earls?

  To build an army and get Elizabeth off of the throne then marry MQS and the Duke of Norfolk and become queen
• How did power cause the revolt of the northern earls?

  Northern Catholic nobles wanted more power and influence in court which they had lost to the southern Protestant nobles. They were also angry that the Council of the North which governed the North was controlled by southern Protestants
• How did money cause the revolt of the northern earls?

  The two earls had lost land which Elizabeth gave to the new southern Protestant families, and Elizabeth had claimed a copper mine on Northumberland's land in 1567
• How did religion cause the revolt of the northern earls?

  The north was a largely Catholic area and they were angered that the clergy was becoming more Protestant despite the religious settlement, and the Archbishop of Durham appointed in 1561 was Protestant
• How did security cause the revolt of the northern earls?

  The north was worried that there would be a civil war and new Protestant monarch when Elizabeth died which would lead to further loss
• What happened during the revolt of the northern earls?

  • It began as a plan to marry the Duke of Norfolk and MQS but this was a royal duty and so they went behind Elizabeth's back
  • Mary told Spanish supporters she intended to be queen in 3 months suggesting a rebellion
  • Dudley heard about the plot and Norfolk was arrested
  • The earls raised an army and marched to Durham
  • They celebrated catholic mass in Durham Cathedral
  • The Earl of Sussex raised an army of 10000 to confront the rebels
  • The rebels were defeated near Tutbury
  • Westmorland fled to Scotland while Northumberland and 400 troops were executed
• What was the impact of the revolt of the northern earls?

  • Elizabeth appointed her cousin Lord Huntington as the leader of the Council of the North to ensure loyalty
  • Elizabeth kept Mary in prison as she was shown to be a threat
  • Elizabeth strengthened laws to protect herself such as the Treason Act
  • Elizabeth attempted to improve foreign relations so other countries wouldn't get involved with rebels
• When was the Ridolfi plot?

  1571
• Who led the Ridolfi plot?

  Roberto Ridolfi an Italian banker and spy for the Pope
• What happened during the Ridolfi Plot?

  • Ridolfi wanted to replace Elizabeth with MQS
  • He also wanted Mary to marry the Duke of Norfolk
  • Ridolfi met with the Pope, Philip II and the Duke of Alba to try and secure support, bringing a letter from Norfolk declaring his Catholicism and support for Philip II
  • Cecil discovered the plot and used the letter to prove Norfolk's treason
  • Elizabeth signed Norfolk's death sentence but didn't sign Mary's despite Parliaments wishes
• What did the Ridolfi Plot show?

  That there was significant enemies abroad in Spain and the Papacy
• When was the Throckmorton plot?

  1583
• Who planned to invade England and put MQS on the throne in 1583?

  The Duke of Guise, Mary's cousin
• What happened during the Throckmorton Plot?

  • MQS's cousin planned to invade and put her on the throne
  • Philip II promised financial support and the Pope approved
  • Francis Throckmorton acted as a middleman and passed letters to Mary
  • Walsingham discovered the letters in Throckmorton's house and tortured him to confess, revealing the plot and a list of Catholic sympathisers in England
  • Throckmorton was executed
• When was Francis Throckmorton executed?

  May 1584
• When was the Babington Plot?

  1586
• What happened during the Babington Plot?

  • Anthony Babington aimed to assassinate Elizabeth and put MQS on the throne
  • Babington corresponded with Mary about the plot but his letters were intercepted by Walsingham's spies
  • Babington and co-conspirators were arrested, tortured and executed
• Why was the Babington Plot significant?

  It explicitly had the aim of killing Elizabeth
• What did parliament pass in 1585 to protect Elizabeth against any future plots?

  The Act for the Preservation of the Queen's Safety
• What was stated under the Act for the Preservation of the Queen's Safety?

  Action could only be taken against MQS if there was clear evidence, a commission established and a trial held
• When did Elizabeth sign Mary's death warrant?

  February 1587
• Who was Sir Francis Walsingham?

  Elizabeth's Secretary of State from 1573 and spymaster who uncovered the Throckmorton and Babington Plots using an extensive intelligence network throughout England and Europe
• How did Walsingham help protect Elizabeth?

  • Ciphers- Walsingham used ciphers in his letters so they could not be understood if intercepted
  • Agent Provocateurs- He inserted his agents into dangerous groups to incite rebellion which could be used to arrest many plotters
  • Torture- He secured information from plotters by torturing them
• Why were England and Spain allies during Mary I's reign?

  Mary was married to Philip II of Spain
• Why did France want England as an ally?

  They were surrounded by Spanish territories and wanted a nearby ally
• Why did Spain want England as an ally?

  They wanted protection for their ships heading to the Netherlands
• What was Philip attempting to wipe out in the Netherlands?

  Protestantism
• How many troops did the Duke of Alba have in the Netherlands?

  10000
• How did Spain control trade in the New World?

  You needed a permit to trade with the Spanish Colonies
• What significant port did the Spanish control in the Netherlands?

  Antwerp
• When did Elizabeth seize Spanish ships loaded with gold bullion?

  1568
• What did Philip II do in response to Elizabeth seizing Spanish gold from ships?

  Banned English trade with the Netherlands
• Which merchant and sailor was the second person to circumnavigate the globe?


  Sir Francis Drake
• When did Drake circumnavigate the globe?

  1577 - 1580
• What was a privateer?

  A privately funded sailor who harassed Spanish ships and colonies
• When was Drake knighted by Elizabeth?

  1581
• What was the name of Drakes only ships to survive his circumnavigation?

  The Golden Hind
• How did Drake's actions affect relations with Spain?

  • Spain felt threatened by his success
  • Elizabeth's support and knighting of Drake insulted Philip whose ships Drake had attacked
  • Drake pillaged Spanish treasure in 1572 resulting in them not being able to pay their troops
  • Drake claimed land in North America naming it New Albion which defied the papal declaration giving all land in the Americas to Spain and Portugal