KT2 Cold War Crises 1958-1970

• Who had been the leader of Czechoslovakia since 1957?

  Antonin Novotny
• Until the 1960s, was Czechoslovakia a 'model' or a 'problem' satellite state?

  A 'model' satellite state
• The Czechoslovakian government was obedient to the Soviet Union
• Why was Novotny unpopular?

  • Hard-line communist
  • Refused reform
  • Followed Soviet line
• Was Novotny slow or fast to implement de-Stalinisation in Czechoslovakia?

  Slow
• When did the Czechoslovakian government start to decline?

  The 1960s
• What declined alongside the economy in Czechoslovakia?

  The standard of living
• What was Czechoslovakian industry forced to produce under Soviet command?

  Materials like steel
• What did the Soviet Union stop from being produced in Czechoslovakian factories?

  Consumer goods
• When did the National Income in Czechoslovakia fall?

  1962 - 1963
• What economic reform did Novotny attempt in 1965?

  The New Economic Model?
• How did Novotny's economic reform attempt fail?

  It produced surplus consumer goods which citizens could not afford
• When was the meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party where Dubcek and Sik criticised Novotny?

  October 1967
• In December 1967, which Soviet official did Dubcek invite to Prague to see the anti-Novotny sentiment among the people?

  Brezhnev
• When did Dubcek take over as First Secretary of the Communist Party from Novotny?

  5th January 1968
• When did Novotny resign as president of Czechoslovakia?

  March 1968
• Who replace Novotny as president of Czechoslovakia in 1968?

  General Svoboda
• Did the new Czechoslovakian president in 1968 support Dubcek's reform programme?

  Yes
• Which reforms did Dubcek instate for Czechoslovakia?

  • Free speech + Free press
  • 10 year programme for democratic elections
  • Free trade and travel to West Germany
  • Removal of the right of imprisonment without trial
  • Introduction of work councils to improve conditions
• How many troops from the Warsaw Pact were used to invade Czechoslovakia?

  500000
• What was the timeline of Soviet response to the reforms in Czechoslovakia?

  • First, Brezhnev warns Dubcek not to endanger communism in Czechoslovakia
  • Second, Brezhnev sends Warsaw Pact Troops to carry out training manoeuvres in Czechoslovakia
  • Third, after Tito's visit, Brezhnev sends 500000 Warsaw Pact Troops to invade Czechoslovakia
  • Fourth, Dubcek is arrested and sent to Moscow, with his reforms being halted and he is replaced with a hard-line communist Husak
  • Fifth, The Soviet newspaper sets out the Brezhnev Doctrine
• What was stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine?

  If one country in the Warsaw Pact's actions threaten other countries within it, it is the duty of all Warsaw Pact countries to stop them
• When was the Brezhnev Doctrine instated?

  26th September 1968 - After the Prague Spring
• What was the collective name for the reforms put in place in Czechoslovakia by Dubcek?

  The Prague Spring
• What is the meaning of the name the Prague Spring?

  Prague was the capital city of Czechoslovakia- the seat of power in the country

  Spring represents rebirth and new life- signalling the new way of life for Czechoslovakia if the reforms took place
• What was the term for the loss of skilled young people from East Germany?

  The Brain Drain
• What was West Berlin like compared to East Berlin?

  • It had more political freedom
  • It was wealthier
  • It had a higher standard of living
  • There was access to consumer goods unavailable in the Soviet region
• How many East Germans migrated to West Germany between 1945 and 1961?

  3.5 million
• What was the population of East Germany after WW2?

  18 million
• Who was the East German leader who complained to Khrushchev about the economy?

  Walter Ulbricht
• What was the Berlin Ultimatum?


  An ultimatum from a speech delivered by Khrushchev in Moscow demanding that the West removed their troops from West Berlin, and that Berlin should be a 'free city' controlled by the USSR
• Why did the West refuse to withdraw troops from Berlin?

  They felt they needed to protect the citizens there
• When was the Geneva Conference?


  May 1959
• When was the Camp David Summit?

  September 1959
• What happened at the Geneva Conference?

  Eisenhower and Khrushchev met to discuss the Berlin Ultimatum but did not reach an agreement
• What happened at the Camp David Summit?

  Khrushchev withdrew the Berlin Ultimatum but still wanted to discuss the long-term future for Berlin and agreed to further negotiations
• Why was the Camp David Summit significant?

  Because Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to America and he accepted it showing a possibility for co-operation
• When was the Paris Summit?

  May 1960
• What were the three items intended to be discussed at the Paris Summit?

  • Nuclear weapons and a Test Ban Treaty
  • Berlin
  • Cuba
• What was the Test Ban Treaty?

  A treaty in which both countries agreed to stop testing nuclear weapons to prevent radioactive damage to Earth