Genetic engineering

• Genetic Engineering is a relatively new area of science (began in the 1970s)
• Genetic Engineering


  1. Transfer genes between organisms

  2. Isolate a useful gene from one organism's genome using enzymes and insert it into a vector

  3. The vector is usually a virus or a bacterial plasmid

  4. When the vector is introduced to the target organism, the useful gene is inserted into its cell(s)
• Applications of Genetic Engineering

  • Bacteria genetically modified to produce human insulin
  • Genetically modified crops for improved size, quality, disease resistance, insect resistance, and herbicide resistance
  • Sheep genetically engineered to produce substances in their milk for human disease treatment
  • Research on genetic modification treatments for inherited diseases through gene therapy
  • Creation of weird and wonderful creatures like glowing cats
• Genetic engineering has huge potential benefits
• Scientists are creating organisms that benefit humans through genetic engineering
• There are benefits and challenges to genetic engineering
• Cats have been genetically modified to glow in the dark using a gene from a jellyfish
• Genetic engineering is usually aimed at creating organisms that benefit humans in some way
• Genetic engineering is a controversial topic with both benefits and risks
• There are worries about the long-term effects of genetic engineering, as changing an organism's genes might create unplanned problems that could be passed on to future generations
• GM crops have pros and cons
• Pros of GM crops

  • Increased yield, addressing nutrient deficiencies in diets, already being grown in some places
• Cons of GM crops

  • Affecting biodiversity, safety concerns regarding human health, potential environmental impact
• Cloning can be done for plants and tissues
• Cloning plants


  Plant tissue is used to regenerate new plants
• Cutting tissue


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• Farming


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• The first GMO was created by Dr. Paul Berg in the late 1970s, but it wasn't until the early 1980s that genetically engineered crops were commercially available.
• In 2016, there were over 3 million hectares planted with GM crops worldwide.