Ethical practise

• The Nuremberg Code (1947) is not legally binding but established the importance of voluntary consent and societal benefit in research.
• Which code of ethics specifically focused on protecting human subjects in research after the unethical Nazi medical experiments?

  The Nuremberg Code
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) was also not legally binding and focuses more broadly on basic human rights rather than research-specific ethics.
• Which ethical milestone had more of an indirect influence on research ethics by establishing universal human rights norms?

  Universal declaration of human rights
• The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) is not a legally binding document but did introduced.

  • independent review boards (IRBS)
  • distinguished between therapeutic and scientific research
  • and emphasized the protection of vulnerable populations (indigenous)
• What ethical milestone specifically provided a robust but not legally binding ethical framework for medical research?

  The Declaration of Helsinki 1964
• The Belmont Report (1979) is another legally binding document that outlined three major ethical principles for research

  • autonomy (respect for persons)
  • beneficence (maximising benefits and minimising harm)
  • justice (fair distribution of costs and benefits).
• Autonomy can be defined as respect of persons
• beneficence is defined as maximising social and scientific benefits and whilst minimising personal harm
• Justice is defined as a fair distribution of costs and benefits for scientific research
• What milestone in ethical history established legally binding Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and guided ethical standards in U.S. human subjects research?

  The Belmont Report (1979)
• What ethical milestone inspired the formation of ethics committees IRBS?

  The Declaration of Helsinki 1964
• UOA's Human Participant Ethics Committe (UAHPEC) can be traced back to guidelines in which historic ethical document?

  The Belmont report 1979
• Ethical Thinking is a dynamic and non-universal process that prioritises certain elements over others, constantly evolving and not yet at a conclusive endpoint.
• List the four approaches to ethical practice?

  1. Deontological Approaches
  2. Consequentialist Approaches
  3. Relational Approaches
  4. Indigenous Approaches
• Which ethical approach utilizes a decision-making model centered on four core principles?

  Relational
• Which ethical approaches make judgments based on the consequences of actions?

  Consequentialist
• Which ethical approaches make judgments based on established rules, distinguishing right from wrong?

  Deontological
• which historic document established the principle that participants in experiments must voluntarily consent to participate?

  The Nuremburg Code 1947 Emphasises on voluntary consent
• Deontological Approach involves making ethical judgments based on a set of established rules often deemed as constrictive.
• The consequentialist approach involves making ethical judgments based on the consequences of actions.
• Ethical judgments are pivoted on how this may effect interrelation connections, this is an example of a?

  Relational Approach to ethics
• A researcher might decide to proceed with a potentially distressing psychological study, if the potential findings could significantly improve treatments for a mental health condition. This is an example of?

  A Consequentialist approach
• The Nuremberg Code is not Legally binding but does place international emphasises on voluntary consent and societal benefit of research.
• What type of ethical approach does the Nuremberg Code take?

  Consequentialist approach
• What milestone in historical ethics first initiated the phrase "rights to withdraw?" Nuremberg Code
• What milestone first introduced governing bodies to review research protocols?

  Declaration of Helsinki 1964 developed the IRBs
• Was the Declaration of Helsinki 1964 legally binding?


  No
• The Declaration of Helsinki demanded there to be therapeutic benefits to research and that vulnerable populations should be looked after
• What legally binding document came from the controversial Tuskeegee Syphilis experiment?

  The Belmont Report 1979: beneficence, justice and autonomy for participants
• What happened to the Unethical Research Abuses Felicia Schanche Hodge 1974?


  Sterilisation of native indigenous women was a scientific attempted genocide
• What happened to the Havasupai Indian tribe of Arizona 1990?

  Blood samples were used in unethical research into schizophrenia and inbreeding. This goes against indigenous rights as their blood samples were not returned
• What happened to Unethical studies in Aotearoa 1965-70?

  Unethical research on carcinoma cancer was allowed to fester in patients for research. Many died from this
• List the Ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association (APA 1973)

  
  

  A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

  B: Fidelity and Responsibility

  C: Integrity

  D: Justice

  E: Respect for People's Rights and Dignity