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Paper 2
Homeostasis and Response
Homeostasis
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GCSE > Biology > Paper 2 > Homeostasis and Response > Homeostasis
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Homeostasis
the process of keeping the
internal conditions
of the body
constant
Receptors
cells
found in
sense organs
, e.g. eyes,
ears
,
nose
Effectors
part of the
body
(e.g. a
muscle
or a
gland
) that produces a
response
to
stimuli
Negative feedback
a
set
of
events
that
detects
a
variable
and then
corrects
any
change
in the
variable away
from a
set value
Thermoregulatory
centre
the part of the
brain
responsible for maintaining a
constant
body
temperature
in
warm-blooded
animals
Vasodilation
occurs when
blood vessels
in the
skin
become
wider
so that more
blood
flows close to the
surface
of the
skin
to
increase heat loss
Vasoconstriction
occurs when blood vessels in the skin become
narrower
so that
less blood
flows close to the
surface
of the skin
Central nervous system
(CNS)
the part of the nervous system made up of the
brain
and
spinal cord
Synapse
the
gap
between two
neurones
Cerebral cortex
the area at the top of the brain that is responsible for
intelligence
and initiating
movements
Cerebellum
part of the
brain
, at the
rear
, that is responsible for
balance
and
controlling
movements
Medulla
the area of the
brain
that controls
heartbeat
and
breathing
Retina
the layer at the
back
of the eye that contains the
lightsensitive
receptors
Optic nerve
a collection of
neurones
that pass
nerve impulses
from the
eye
to the
brain
Sclera
the
tough white coating
to the
eye
Cornea
the
transparent
membrane that covers the
eyeball
Iris
the
coloured
part of the eye that changes the
size
of the
pupil
in response to different
light intensities
Pupil
the
opening
at the
front
of the eye that lets
light
enter
Ciliary muscles
muscles
in the
eyes
that can change the
shape
of the
lens
for
accommodation
Suspensory ligaments
structures that attach the
ciliary
muscle to the
lens
in the eye
Accomodation
process that occurs to enable the eye to
change
so that objects at different
distances
can be focused on the
retina
Refract
to
bend
/
change
the
direction
of a
light
ray (commonly performed by a
lens
)
Myopia
the condition that stops a person’s eyes from focusing on
distant
objects clearly
Hyperopia
the condition that stops a person’s eyes from focusing on
near objects
clearly
Endocrine
system
a system of
glands
that release
hormones
directly into the
bloodstream
Hormone
a
chemical messenger
produced by a
gland
that
travels
in the
blood
to its
target organ
Pituitary gland
a small gland at the base of the brain that produces
hormones
; known as the
‘master gland’
Adrenaline
hormone
released from the
adrenal
gland, which prepares the body for
‘fight
or
flight’
Thyroxine
a hormone released from the
thyroid
gland that controls the
metabolic
rate of the body
Type 1 diabetes
a condition where not enough
insulin
is produced by the
pancreas
Type
2
diabetes
a condition where
insulin
is produced but the
cells
of the
body
do not
respond
to it
Urea
a
waste
product from the breakdown of
proteins
formed in the
liver
and
excreted
in
urine
Deamination
the
breakdown
of
excess
amino acids in the
liver
Selective
reabsorption
the process of
active transport
that
reabsorbs useful molecules
back into the
blood
from the
kidney tubules
Tubules
small tubes in the
kidney
, where
blood
is filtered, selective
reabsorption
takes place, and
urine
is produced
ADH
hormone
released from the
pituitary
gland, which acts on the
kidneys
causing more
water
to be
reabsorbed
back into the
blood
Dialysis
the
artificial
removal of
urea
and
excess
material from the
blood
(used when the
kidneys
fail)
Oestrogen
a
hormone
secreted by the
ovaries
that inhibits the production of
FSH
and triggers the production of
LH
Ovulation
the release of an
egg
(ovum) from the
ovary
into the
fallopian
tube
Testosterone
a
hormone
produced by the
testes
that controls the
male sexual
characteristics
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