• P: conversely, notable weakness is its lack of scientific rigour
• E: many of freud’s concepts, like unconscious mind and defence mechanisms, are abstract and not easily testable
• E: makes empirical validation challenging, reducing the approach’s credulity within scientific community. For example, theory’s reliance on case studies, like Little Hans, lacks control and replicability found in experimental research
• L: undermines reliability of its findings and limits its acceptance as a scientifically robust explanation of behaviour