𝐦𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐥 (①②⑤⓪-①⑤⓪⓪)

• what did the church teach about God?

  God was the cause of disease because he was displeased with them or testing their faith.
• how was astrology a belief about cause of disease?


  alignments of planets and stars was thought to cause some diseases and helped with diagnosis from studying birth charts.
• who ran the universities physicians were trained at?

  the church.
• how did the church control ideas?

  ~ church dictated what books were taught.

  ~ only approved of traditional, rational explanations that benefitted religious views (ie. Galen).
• what was the theory of the four humours?

  a mix of four aspects of health and if there was an imbalance in your humours, you were ill.
• what are the four humours?

  ~ blood.

  ~ yellow bile.

  ~ black bile.

  ~ phlegm.
• who created the theory of the four humours and when were they alive?

  Hippocrates in ancient Greece.
• what is the theory of opposites?


  aims to balance the humours by giving the patient the 'opposite' of their symptoms.
• who created the theory of opposites?

  Galen.
• what did Galen do?

  carried out dissections on pigs.
• what did Hippocrates write?


  the hippocratic oath, which all doctors have to take.
• what was miasma?


  a 'bad air' that would transmit disease.
• what was bloodletting used to treat?


  an imbalance of blood in the body.
• what were the three methods of bloodletting?


  ~ cutting a vein.

  ~ using leeches.

  ~ cupping.
• what was purging?


  either making a patient vomit or go to the toilet to remove food from the body.
• what were traditional remedies composed of?

  herbs and plants.
• how would traditional remedies have been used?

  ~ drinking them.

  ~ sniffing them.

  ~ bathing in them.
• what were religious treatments of illness?

  ~ praying.

  ~ fasting.

  ~ going on a pilgrimage.
• what was the supernatural treatment for toothache?

  hanging a magpie's beak around your neck.
• what were the religious/supernatural prevention methods?

  ~ living a religious life.

  ~ chanting incantations.

  ~ self-punishment.

  ~ carrying a lucky charm.
• what were the rational prevention methods?

  ~ keeping streets clean.

  ~ bathing and washing yourself.

  ~ eating a reasonable amount.

  ~ four humours treatments.
• who were barber-surgeons?


  ~ had no formal training.

  ~ did basic surgeries such as amputations.

  ~ low cost.
• who were apothecaries?


  ~ received training but had no qualifications.

  ~ mixed medicine and herbal remedies.

  ~ cost money.
• who were physicians?


  ~ medically trained at universities and passed exams.

  ~ diagnosed illnesses.

  ~ expensive.
• what was the most common place to receive care?

  at home by a female family member.
• how would a physician assess the extent of an illness?

  ~ look at symptoms such as pulse, skin colour.

  ~ taste urine and look at urine charts.

  ~ examine astrological and zodiac charts.
• who ran the hospitals?

  monks and nuns at the church.
• did hospitals actually treat disease?

  no: they were commonly just places to rest and eat food.
• what year was the black death?

  1348 and 1349.
• how did people think the black death was caused?

  ~ religion (as a punishment for sin).

  ~ four humours (many imbalances).

  ~ miasma (from decaying rubbish).
• how did people try to avoid catching the black death?

  ~ praying (to apologise to God).

  ~ carrying herbs and spices with them.
• what were the symptoms of the black death?

  ~ buboes (large lumps full of pus).

  ~ fever and chills.

  ~ headaches.

  ~ severe pain in the abdomen.
• how did people attempt to cure the black death?

  ~ praying.

  ~ cutting open the buboes.