𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐧 (①⑨⓪⓪-𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭)

• who were James Watson and Francis Crick?

  ~ discovered the structure of DNA.

  ~ led the human genome project.
• which celebrity is an example of the successes of the human genome project?

  Angelina Jolie as she had a mastectomy to prevent breast cancer.
• what are the new possibilities due to Watson and Crick's work?

  ~ better understanding of genetic conditions.

  ~ discovery of stem cells and how they differentiate.
• what is not yet possible but could be in the future due to work on DNA?


  ~ a cure for genetic conditions.

  ~ way of preventing genetic diseases.
• what is the problem with smoking?

  smoking is linked with many diseases such as emphysema, high blood pressure, heart disease and many cancers.
• what is the problem with drinking alcohol?

  drinking too much alcohol leads to many cancers as well as liver and kidney disease.
• what is the problem with diets?

  eating a balance of different foods and limiting sugar and fat reduces the chance of getting certain cancers or heart disease.
• how has diagnosis improved?

  ~ laboratories to test skin or blood.

  ~ scans and endoscopes to see inside the body with detail.
• what are some examples of medical technological advances?

  ~ hypodermic needles.

  ~ prosthetic limbs.

  ~ dialysis machines.

  ~ insulin pumps.

  ~ blood pressure and sugar monitors.
• who was Paul Ehrlich?


  developed magic bullets, a chemical compound that would attack and kill microbes causing a specific disease.
• what is keyhole surgery?

  small incisions rather than large cuts to reduce recovery time.
• what year was the NHS created?

  1948.
• which prime minister was in power at the time the NHS was instated?

  Clement Attlee.
• what services are provided by the NHS?

  ~ GP appointments.

  ~ hospital care and operations.

  ~ ambulances and emergency treatment.
• what has the government done to prevent disease?

  ~ vaccinations.

  ~ better disposal of waste/sewage.

  ~ laws banning advertisements of smoking.
• what is an example of a lifestyle campaign?

  change 4 life (encouraging healthy eating in children).
• who was Alexander Fleming?

  discovered the mould penicillin in 1928 and published his findings believing them to be useless.
• who were Howard Florey and Ernst Chain?

  developed and built on Fleming's penicillin discovery by mass producing it in bathtubs and testing it on mice.
• what are the symptoms of lung cancer?

  ~ a persistent cough.

  ~ coughing up blood.

  ~ unexplainable weight loss.
• what is the treatment for lung cancer?

  ~ surgery to remove tumours or transplant lungs.

  ~ radiotherapy and chemotherapy to shrink tumours and prevent their growth.
• how has the government attempted to prevent lung cancer?

  ~ all adverts for smoking were banned.

  ~ high tax on tobacco products.

  ~ cigarette packets have blunt health warning notices on them.