𝐰𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 (①⑨①④-①⑨①⑧)

• when was the first battle of Ypres?

  october and november 2014.
• when was the battle on hill 60?

  april 1915.
• what happened at the battle of hill 60?

  tunnelling into the hill and exploding mines.
• when was the second battle of Ypres?

  april and may 1915.
• what was first used at the second battle of Ypres, and by who?

  chlorine gas by the Germans.
• when was the Somme?

  july to november 1916.
• what happened at the Somme?

  the Brits used creeping barrage and tanks.
• when was Arras?


  april and may 1917.
• what happened at Arras?

  underground tunnels for the movement of troops and shelter.
• when was Cambrai?


  november and december 1917.
• what happened at Cambrai?

  the first large-scale use of tanks.
• when was the third battle of Ypres?

  july to november 1917.
• what are dugouts?


  holes in the side of the trench for troops to take cover.
• what is a support trench?


  where troops would retreat to from the frontline.
• what was the reserve trench?

  where troops could be stationed for counter attack.
• what was the frontline trench?


  where attacks were launched.
• what were the conditions like in the trenches?

  they were difficult to navigate, with deep mud and a lot of people packed in one space.
• what were the effects of a gas attack?


  ~ temporary blindness.

  ~ coughing.

  ~ burns.
• what were the effects of shell shock?

  psychological trauma and a mental breakdown.
• what was the effect of trench fever?


  flu-like symptoms.
• what was the cause of trench foot?


  standing in deep amounts of water for prolonged periods of time.
• what was the effect of trench foot?


  gangrene, leading to amputations.
• what was a treatment for bullet and shrapnel wounds?

  brain surgery or facial reconstruction.
• what are the features of the underground hospital at Arras?

  ~ space for 700 beds.

  ~ operating theatre.

  ~ running water and electricity.
• what was the regimental aid post?

  close to the front line (200 metres) and could perform basic first aid.
• what was the dressing station?


  a mile away from the front line and could look after men for about a week.
• what was the casualty clearing station?

  several miles from the front line and prioritised life threatening injury as they were large and well equipped.
• what was a base hospital?

  near ports on the coast and patients could stay for quite some time.
• what were the problems with early x-rays?

  ~ had to keep still for a long time.

  ~ high doses of radiation resulted in burns and lost hair.

  ~ large machinery was heavy.
• who performed the first human-to-human blood transfusions?

  James Blundell.
• what is the Carrel-Dakin method?

  sterilised salt solution was moved through the wound using tubes.
• what could be added to blood to allow it to be stored longer?

  sodium citrate or citrate glucose.
• what was a thomas splint?


  kept broken legs rigid.
• which types of surgery developed during world war 1?

  ~ brain surgery.

  ~ plastic surgery.
• what was a disadvantage to the mobile x-ray units?

  the images were not as clear as those of static machinery.