Lesson 7

• • Is the academic study of the works of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts.
  • It is more than a stream of art objects created over time.
  • It is closely tied to history itself than is recorded evidence of human event.
  • Spans the entire history of humankind, from prehistoric to the twenty-first century.

  Art History
• • Is the span of time before written records appeared.
  • This includes the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and the Iron Age.

  Prehistory
• The earliest known period of prehistoric human culture was marked by the creation and use of stone tools and weapons.

  Stone Age
• Stone age is divided into three periods:

  1. Old Stone Age (Paleolithic)
  2. Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic)
  3. New Stone Age (Neolithic)
• Was first accepted in 1860's through the discovery of small decorated objects in a form of figurines, small carvings, engravings on a piece of stone, bone or ivory.

  Old Stone Age Art
• • Otherwise known as "Mesolithic" covered a brief span of around 2,000 years.
  • Cave paintings of this period were usually of human groupings whereas in Old Stone Age art focuses mainly on animals.
  • It is an archaeological concept used to refer to specific groups of archaeological cultures defined as falling between the Palaeolithic and the Neolithic.

  Middle Stone Age Art
• • Is characterized by the development of agriculture and the making of polished stone implements
  • This period ended with the discovery of Bronze.
  • Humans were settling themselves down into agrarian societies, which left them enough spare time to explore some key concepts of civilization, namely religion, measurement, the rudiments of architecture and writing, and art.
  • Is generally associated as a period when people began to settle into small agricultural communities and eventually formed cities.

  New Stone Age Art
• • Is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy, bronze as the chief hard materials.

  Bronze Stone Age Art
• • Refers to the ancient art and architecture in Greece and Rome.
  • It is known as Classical Antiquity or Classical Era.
  • A broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilization of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world.
  • It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe.

  Classical Period
• • Ancient Greeks became interested in naturalism, that is portraying the human form in a realistic and anatomically correct manner.
  • Greek sculptors developed mathematical systems for showing the human body in correct proportions.

  Greek Art
• • Both the ancient Greeks and the the ancient Romans were humanists with an enormous respect for human beings, and what they could accomplish with their minds and bodies.
  • This frame of mind was reborn in the Renaissance period.

  Roman Art
• • Also known as Middle Age.
  • Is the period in European history that took place between 350 AD to 1450 AD.
  • Is an account of history of an integration of technique between the elements of classical, early Christian and "Barbarian" that were produced in different media and style.

  Medieval Period
• • Each of this style was expressed distinctly in different countries and covers a vast scope of time and place.
  • The general accepted scheme in Medieval era is classified into:

  1. Early Christian
  2. Byzantine
  3. Romanesque
  4. Gothic
• • Is symbolic in nature; with little regard for the functional design of other eras
  • It also has a great variety of buildings-like synagogues, halls, and barns that testify to the diverse communities and interests in western Europe during the Middle ages.
  • The most extraordinary buildings during this period were the churches.
  • Toward the end of the 11th century, a style of church building called Romanesque was prevalent.
  • Beginning in the mid-12th century and becoming more and more popular in the next few centuries was the Gothic style.

  Medieval Architecture
• Types of Arts Produced in the Medieval Period:

  1. Ceramic Art
  2. Heraldry
  3. Illuminated manuscripts
  4. Ivory carving
  5. Mosaic
  6. Sculpture
  7. Stained glass
  8. Tapestry
  9. Fresco wall-paintings
  10. Panel Painting
• (3.2) Were hand shaped, rather than wheel-turned producing cooking pots and jars, jugs and pitchers and crucibles.

  Ceramic Art
• (3.2) Is the practice of designing and recording coats of arms and badges. Warriors often decorate their shields with patterns and mythological motifs.

  Heraldry
• (3.2) Were religious texts embellished with rich colors which often featured the use of gold and silver.

  Illuminated manuscripts
• (3.2) Using sharp cutting tools, either mechanically or manually.

  Ivory carving
• (3.2) Is the art of creating images with small pieces of colored glass, stone or other material.

  Mosaic
• (3.2) Evolved from the early stiff and elongated style of statues used in Romanesque art.

  Sculpture
• (3.2) Small pieces of stained glass arranged to form patterns or pictures which are held together by strips of lead and supported by a rigid frame.

  Stained glass
• (3.2) Is a form of textile art, traditionally woven on a vertical loom with rich colored designs or scenes usually hung on walls for decoration.

  Tapestry
• (3.2) Is a painting type which is executed in plaster on walls or ceilings. Are paintings made directly onto a wall or ceiling while the plaster is still wet plaster and with this setting, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall.

  Fresco wall-paintings
• (3.2) Made of a single or several pieces of wood joined together. Was the normal form of support for painting until canvas became popular in the 16th century.

  Panel Painting
• • Is a series of literary and cultural movements that began in Italy and eventually expanded into Germany, France, England, and other parts of Europe.
  • It means 'rebirth' or 'revival' and a time of new discoveries in fine arts, music, literature, philosophy, science and technology, architecture, religion and spirituality.

  Renaissance
• Evolution of Renaissance art took place in three stages:

  1. Early Renaissance (1400-1475 AD)
  2. High Renaissance (1475-1525 AD)
  3. Late Renaissance or Mannerism (1525-1600 AD)
• • Began in Florence towards the end of the 14th century.
  • During this period, a revolution in philosophy, science and mathematics dramatically changed composition and representation in the arts.

  Early Renaissance
• • Produces the most, the best, and the art that epitomizes the movement.
  • It includes the big names like Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.
  • Many artist during this time were excelled in many different things, the origin of the phrase "renaissance man".
  • Artist such as Michelangelo and Brunelleschi reached their peak during this era.

  High Renaissance
• • Were full of clashing colors, disquieting figures with abnormally elongated limbs, (often torturous-looking) emotion and bizarre themes that combined Classicism, Christianity, and mythology.

  Late Renaissance/Mannerism
• • From the 17th century on, denote art forms developed primarily for aesthetics and/or concept, distinguishing them from applied arts that also serve some practical function.

  The Fine Art (17th-19th Century)
• • It was an era in the history of the Western arts that started around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread mostly to Europe.
  • Was derived from a Portuguese word meaning "a pearl of irregular shape".

  Baroque Period (1600-1750 AD)
• • Also referred as "Late Baroque", is an artistic movement that developed in the early part of the 18th century in Paris.
  • This movement was formed as reaction against the grandeur, symmetry and strict regulations of the Baroque style in Art.
  • Is marked by elaborate ornamentation, as with an abundance of scrolls, greenery, and animal forms while the Baroque theme is politically focused.

  Rococo (1700-1750 AD)
• • Started in 1760 as a reaction against Baroque and Rococo styles.
  • It is a revival of the styles and spirit of classic antiquity inspired directly from the classical period in 18th and 19th centuries.
  • This is based on the imitation of surviving classical models and types, especially in the decorative arts.
  • Is the characterized by order, symmetry, and simplicity of style.

  Neo Classicism (1750-1830 AD)
• • Began as a literary and philosophical movement.
  • The term comes from 'romance', a prose or poetic narrative flavoring heroism that originated in medieval times.

  Romanticism (1790-1880 AD)
• • The term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in the arts that emerged from the middle of the 19th century.


  Modernism in the 19th Century
• • Applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in arts that emerged from the middle of the 19th century.

  Modernism in the 19th Century
• • The movement away from art as imitation, or representation, probably started in France with the work of the impressionist in the 19th century.
  • The word impressionist is itself suggestive.
  • Representation.

  Impressionism (1860s-1880 AD)
• • It denotes the phase of modern art wherein artists sought to progress beyond the narrow imitative style of impressionism.
  • This life wasn't a movement, but a group (Cezanne, Van Gogh, Seurat and Gauguin primarily) who moved past Impressionism and on the other separate endeavors.

  Post-Impressionism (1880-1905 AD)
• • Describes a technique of painting in which hundreds of small dots or dashes of pure color are applied to the canvas or other ground in order to create maximum luminosity.
  • The term was first used to describe the paintings of George Seurat and Paul Signac who developed the technique in 1886.

  Pointillism/Neo-Impressionism (1880s-1900 AD)