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• Endocrine system


  Made up of different glands that produce hormones which are chemical messengers targeting specific groups of cells to cause them to perform activities
• Main types of glands


  • Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream
  • Exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts or tubes
• Major endocrine glands


  • Pituitary Gland
  • Pineal Gland
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Pancreas
  • Ovary
  • Testes
• Pituitary Gland


  Secretes different hormones affecting various areas of the body such as growth, blood pressure, regulation of pregnancy, breast milk production, sex organ functions, thyroid gland function, metabolism, water regulation in the body, and temperature regulation
• Pineal Gland


  Located near the center of the brain, helps regulate the circadian rhythm
• Thyroid Gland


  Located in the front of the neck, influences metabolism, energy levels, body temperature, and calcium levels
• Thymus


  Located in front of the heart, enables the body to produce certain antibodies
• Adrenal Gland


  Produces the "fight or flight" hormone adrenaline affecting metabolism, heart rate, oxygen intake, blood flow, and sexual functions
• Pancreas


  Functions to control blood sugar levels
• Ovary


  Produces estrogen and progesterone, helps develop breasts, regulate the menstrual cycle, and support pregnancy
• Testes


  Produces testosterone, responsible for physical changes in males and maintenance of muscle and bone mass, sperm production, enlargement of male genitalia, and sex drive
• Hypothalamus


  Small region of the brain near the pituitary gland
• The pancreas is an exocrine and endocrine gland
• Insulin injection is essential for most people with diabetes to control blood sugar levels
• LH and FSH in males


  Control testosterone production and sperm production, growth of facial hair
• LH and FSH in females

  Stimulate ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone, responsible for producing mature egg cells
• Sex hormones play a crucial role in the male and female reproductive systems
• LH sends signals in the testes

  Produce testosterone
• FSH and LH


  Control the production of sperm and the growth of facial hair
• LH and FSH


  Stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone
• Estrogen


  Primary female sex hormone
• Testosterone


  Primary male hormone responsible for regulating sex differentiation, producing male sex characteristics, spermatogenesis, and fertility
• Progesterone


  Helps to counteract the effects of estrogen, supports menstruation, and helps maintain the early stages of a pregnancy
• Andropause is associated with the decrease in the male hormone testosterone
• Menopause marks the end of menstrual cycles
• Hormone disorders


  • Ovarian insufficiency
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
  • Low testosterone level
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Growth hormone deficiency
  • Gigantism
  • Acromegaly
  • Dwarfism
• High GnRH levels


  May increase the risk of pituitary adenomas and lead to the overproduction of estrogen or testosterone
• Low GnRH levels in females


  May cause abnormal menstruation, anovulation, delayed sexual maturation, infertility, and low sex drive
• Low GnRH levels in males


  May cause delayed sexual maturation, low sex drive, infertility, and testicular disorder
• Endocrine system


  Made up of different glands that produce hormones which are chemical messengers targeting specific groups of cells to cause them to do some activity or not
• Main types of glands

  • Pituitary Gland
  • Pineal Gland
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Pancreas
  • Ovary
  • Testes
• Exocrine glands


  • Release hormones directly to the bloodstream
  • Release their secretion into ducts or tubes
• Pituitary Gland


  • Secretes different hormones affecting various areas of the body including growth, blood pressure, regulation of pregnancy, breast milk production, sex organ functions, thyroid gland function, metabolism, water regulation in the body, and temperature regulation
• Pineal Gland


  • Located near the center of the brain, helps regulate the circadian rhythm
• Thyroid Gland


  • Influences metabolism, energy levels, body temperature, and calcium levels
• Parathyroid


  • A set of four small glands behind the thyroid
• Thymus


  • Located in front of the heart, enables the body to produce certain antibodies
• Adrenal Gland


  • Produces the "fight or flight" hormone adrenaline affecting metabolism, heart rate, oxygen intake, blood flow, and sexual functions
• Pancreas


  • An exocrine and endocrine gland, controls blood sugar levels
• Ovary


  • Produces estrogen and progesterone, supports puberty, menstrual cycle regulation, and pregnancy