GLOBAL 8

• The processes through which

  sovereign nation-states are

  criss- crossed and

  undermined by transnational

  actors with varying prospects

  of power, orientations,

  identities and networks’ (Beck

  2000)?


  Globalization
• A process (or set of

  processes) which embody

  the transformation of the

  spatial organization of social

  relations and transactions’

  (Held et al. 1999)?


  Globalization
• Process of interaction and

  integration among the people,

  companies, and governments of

  different nations, a process driven

  by international trade and

  investment and aided by

  information technology (Daing,

  2018)?


  Globalization
• Globalization is the INTENSIFICATION OF RELATIONS OF NATION
• HEYWOOD’S THREE MAIN INTERPRETATION OF GLOBALIZATION (+ TECHNOLOGY):

  1.Economic globalization

  2.Cultural globalization

  3.Political globalization

  Technological globalization (Cuturela,

  2009)
• CAPITALISM - Economic system in

  which private actors own and

  control property in accord with

  their interests, and demand and

  supply freely set prices in markets

  in a way that can serve the best

  interests of society (Jahan, Sarwat

  & Mahmud, Ahmed Saber: 2015).
• The U.S economy can be an example

  of global economy.
• U.S is one of the

  largest economy in the world which

  many countries depends on it

  especially it affects the development

  of other economies.
• In the end of WWII, economic recovery

  and expansion were led overwhelming by

  American corporations which for a period

  from the end of the war until the re-entry

  of Japanese and European corporations

  onto the global scene essentially stood

  for what by then had come by then to be

  viewed as multinational corporations

  (MNCs) (Barnet and Muller, 1974).
• MNC - Multinational corporations
• more complex organizations which

  have invested in foreign operations,

  have a central corporate facility but

  give decision making, research and

  develop (R&D) and marketing

  powers to each individual foreign

  market?


  Transnational companies
• TNC’S PROVIDES PRODUCTS AND SERVICES BASED ON NEEDS OF LOCALvMARKET.
• TNC means?

  Transnational companies
• THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION

  (WTO) SET RULES OUT OF GOVERNING

  TRADE AMONG THE WTO’S 154

  MEMBERS. THESE AGREEMENTS COVER

  GOODS, SERVICES, INTELLECTUAL

  PROPERTY AND ETC. THAT IMPACT THE

  FLOW OF TRADE. (International Trade

  Administration, 2023)
• WTO means?

  The World Trade Organization
• the process whereby information,

  commodities and images that

  have been produced in one part

  of the world enter into a global

  flow that tends to ‘flatten out’

  cultural differences between

  nations, regions and individuals?

  Cultural globalization
• From this perspective, cultural

  globalization amounts to a form of

  cultural imperialism, emphasizing

  that cultural flows are between

  unequal partners and are used as a

  means through which powerful

  states exert domination over

  weaker states?


  Global culture
• SYNCRETISM may be defined as "the combination of

  elements from different religions or different religions

  or different cultural traditions".
• the process through which

  policymaking responsibilities have

  been passed from national

  governments to international

  organizations?

  Political globalization
• Refers to politics that is

  conducted at a global

  rather than a national or

  regional level?

  Global politics
• Globalization is the interplay of

  extraordinary technological

  innovation mixed with influence

  of the world that gives today’s

  changing its complexity

  (Hutton & Giddens, cited by

  Cuturela,2009)?

  Technological globalization
• The ICT revolution fueled by the

  exponential progress of the

  semiconductor technology and

  the accelerated pace of

  globalization has become an

  important driver of economic

  growth across nations (Jorgenson

  & Vu, 2016)
• Three lenses of globalization?

  Realism, liberalism, and constructivism
• What are the other theories of globalization?

  World-systems theory, IR-Division of labor, Globalmarxism
• States are always in a state of

  “war” economically?


  Realism
• The global community is more or

  less competitive?

  Realism
• Each state acts in its own best

  interest at the expense of other

  states?

  Realism
• International system is

  considered be anarchic
• Anarchy has been overcome by

  legitimizing power in

  institutions?

  Liberalism
• Reciprocity: we behave on

  the basis on how others

  behave towards us
• Frequent interactions

  makes us interdependent

  to other countries?

  Liberalism
• “Anarchy is what states

  make of it”?


  Constructivism
• Logic of appropriateness:

  States try to do the same

  thing?

  Constructivism
• The development of a

  world trading system

  over a period of several

  centuries helped to

  create the tripartite

  structure of?

  World-system Theory
• What are the core ares of world-system theory?

  Highly industrialized countries

  US-Germany-Japan

  Developed countries
• What are the semi-peripheral areas?

  INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRY

  SOUTH KOREA, TAIWAN, BRAZIL, INDIA ETC.

  DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
• What are the peripheral-economic areas?

  LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES,

  LESS INDUSTRIALIZED

  AFRICAN COUNTRIES

  UNDERDEVELOP COUNTRIES
• ADAM SMITH, AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY

  POLITICAL ECONOMIST, DEFINED

  “DIVISION OF LABOR” AS THE

  SPECIALIZATION OF WORKERS IN

  DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE PRODUCTION

  PROCESS, USUALLY IN FACTORY SETTING”
• In global marxism: Periphery is proletariat and the core is bougeoisie
• INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES (CORE)-

  MANUFACTURED GOODS