Section B

• What can change the magnitude and direction of forces (e.g. torsion)?

  Levers

  Linkages

  Mechanisms
• How does bending force affect paper? Give an example

  -Paper/card is folded/creased

  -Force applied at an angle

  -Inner particles of the material are under compression

  -Outer particles are under tension
• What can be done to reinforce, stiffen or make papers/ boards more flexible?


  -Bending

  -Folding

  -Webbing

  
  

  -Fabric

  -Lamination
• What can be done to increase the tensile strength of papers/boards?

  Lamination-

  Bonding 2 or more materials together with a polymer
• Other than to increase tensile strength, what else could lamination be used for?

  Aesthetics

  Waterproofing product
• What can be done to increase the compressive strength of paper/boards?

  -inner layer can be 'crimped

  -Spreads any force applied across the waves of triangles.

  E.G. Corrugated cardboard
• What can be considered when selecting materials?

  Working properties
• How can paper and board be modified to suit different purposes?

  Can be:

  -Textured (decorative or tactile purposes)

  
  

  -Embossed (decorative or tactile purposes)

  
  

  -Printed on

  
  

  -Laminated(e.g. drink cartons, to be waterproof)
• What can be reduced in order to reduce a products CO2 emissions on the environemnt

  Food miles/ mileage
• How can the question from above be reduced?

  -Make manufacturing building and warehouse closer together
• What effect does mining, drilling + farming have on the environment, name 2 things for each?

  Mining- destroys habitats

  pollutes air

  Drilling- Noise pollution

  Pollutes water

  (e.g. Oil spills)

  Farming-Loss of species

  due to

  overfishing

  Loss of habitats

  from clearing

  land(e.g. slash

  and burn)
• What is slash and burn?


  Cut trees down then burn them
• What ethical factors may you consider when designing a product?-3

  -Inclusivity

  -Sustainability

  -Treatment of workers
• What social factors may you consider when designing a product?-3

  -Ages

  -Symbols and colours sensitivity for different cultures

  -Accessbility
• What tools can be used to mark and cut out papers and boards?

  -Steel rule

  -Saftey rule

  -Craft knife

  
  

  -Scalpel

  -Rotary cutting wheel

  -Paper shears(scissors)

  
  

  -Creasing tool

  -Cutting mat

  -Rotary cutter

  -Creasing machine
• What is a steel rule used for?

  Measuring + drawing lines
• What is a saftey rule used for?

  Safley cut things when using scalpel/knife
• What is a craft knife used for?

  Cutting + scoring papers/boards
• What is a scalpel used for?

  Fine cutting + scoring

  ->Different blades for different tasks
• What is a rotary cutting wheel used for?

  Cut curved lines through papers and boards
• What is a paper shears used for?

  Cut paper and boards
• What is a creasing tool used for?

  Create crease in thicker boards
• What is a cutting mat used for?

  Anti slip help cutting +What is a steel rule used for?
• What is a rotary cutter used for?

  Cur paper/board to correct size
• What is a creasing machine used for?

  Create lines-> allowing folding
• What tools cut paper and board into specific shapes?

  Paper shears

  Craft knives

  Laser cutters

  Die cutters
• Why do we score things, where is it especially used and give an example

  -Help material fold neatly without cracking or tearing

  -Thicker card

  E.G. making a cardboard box for packaging
• Why do we crease?

  allow easier + more accurate folding.
• What is folding used for?

  > assemble parts

  > add strength

  >create 3D shapes from flat materials.
• What is perforating and give examples of where they're often used

  -a line of tiny holes in material so that it can be easily torn or folded

  E.G. tickets, notepads
• Why do we do surface finishes and treatments on papers + boards?

  - enhance functional + aesthetic properties
• Give 5 examples of surface treatments/finishes

  Varnish

  UV varnishing

  Embossing

  Foil application

  Laminating
• Give a description of UV varnish

  -Used for shiny finish + protective layer

  -Good for premium packaging + marketing materials
• Give a description of varnish

  -Use selectively (e.g. make logos stand out)

  -Expensive process
• Give a description of Embossing

  -Raised pattern, made by stamping process

  -Add texture + depth
• Where is embossing commonly used?


  On greeting cards

  Luxuary packaging
• Give a description of foil application

  -Create luxurious metallic effect
• Give a description of lamination

  -Polymer film protect product from damage

  -Waterproof it
• What do surface treatments/finishes also prevent?

  corrosion

  oxidation.
• What are the 3 stock forms papers come in?

  Sheet

  Roll

  Ply