extra little words

• erythropoietin

  regulates RBC production
• renin

  regulates blood pressure
• gluconeogenesis


  kidney allows proteins to be broken down to form glucose

  • sometimes itself or sometimes other organs
• Intracellular Fluid 


  fluid inside the cells

  • accounts for 2/3 of volume
  • 25 L of the 40 L
• Extracellular Fluid 


  body's internal environment

  external environment of each cell

  consists of plasma and interstitial fluid
• Interstitial fluid 


  fluid in between tissue cells
• Total Body Water

  A) 25

  B) 12

  C) 3

  D) 20

  
• types of interstitial fluid

  lymph, CSF, humors of the eye, synovial fluid, serous fluid, and gastrointestinal secretions
• nonelectrolyte 


  most organic molecules

  • don't dissociate in water
  • glucose, lipids, creatinine, urea, and no charged molecules
• electrolytes

  inorganic salts, acids and bases and some proteins

  • Dissociate into ions in water
  • ions conduct electricity
  • have greater osmotic power
• electrolytes can shift fluids because...

  they can dissociate into two or more ions
• insensible water loss


  water loss that we don't realize we lose

  • sweating and water that vaporizes out of the lungs
• metabolic water (water of oxidation)


  water produced by cellular metabolism
• thirst mechanism 


  what makes us drink water

  • governed by hypothalamic thirst center
• obligatory water losses

  uncontrollable water loss

  • explains why we can't live without water very long
• sensible water loss

  urine to excrete wastes
• osmotic pressure 


  the tendency of water to move into the cell
• osmolarity 


  total concentration of solutes in a solution
• In the plasma there is a higher concentration of proteins.
• Sodium (Na+) is the chief cation in extracellular
• Cl- and HCO3 are the two major anions in extracellular fluid
• HCO3, Cl-, Na+, Ca2+


  are higher in concentration in extracellular fluid
• HPO42-, Mg2+, K+

  are lower in concentration in extracellular fluids
• Increased ADH causes concentrated urine and water is being kept in the body.
• decreased ADH leads to more water being secreted into urine
• When aldosterone is high then Na+ is reabsorbed so water stays in the body
• When aldosterone is low then Na+ is secreted into the tubules so water follows and then reabsorbed
• Aldosterone plays biggest role in regulation ofNa+ by kidneys
• acids are

  protein donors
• Strong acids

  dissociate completely and liberate all H+
• weak acids

  dissociate only partially

  • efficient at preventing pH changes
• bases are

  proton acceptors
• strong bases

  dissociate and collect H+
• weak bases

  less likely to accept protons
• Bicarbonate Buffer System


  a mixture of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and its salt, sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO3)

  • most important ECF buffer
• strong acid + weak acid =

  nothing
• strong acid + weak base

  H+ are tied up by weak bases

  • pH only drops a little bit
• weak base + strong base =

  nothing
• strong base + weak acid

  weak acid donates more H+ to strong base
• Bicarbonate ion concentration is 25 mEq/L and is regulated by the kidneys