diseases

• dehydration 


  ECF water loss by hemorrhage, severe burns, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, diuretic abuse, endocrine disturbances

  symptoms: “cottony” oral mucosa, thirst, dry flushed skin, oliguria

  • can lead to weight loss, fever, mental confusion, hypovolemic shock, and loss of electrolytes
• hypotonic hydration

  cellular overhydration or water intoxication

  • occurs with renal insufficiency or taking in too much water
  • causes hyponatremia
• hyponatremia

  ECF osmolarity decreases or low salt content

  • water rushes into cells and they fill with water
  • symptoms: severe metabolic disturbances, nausea, vomiting, muscular cramping, cerebral edema, and possible death
  • Treated with hypertonic saline
• edema 


  only tissue swells

  • interstitial fluid is increased
  • the distance that the oxygen must diffuse across increases
  • caused by increased fluid flow out of blood or decreased return of fluid into blood
• abnormal increase of interstitial fluid

  edema
• abnormal increase of intracellular fluid

  hypotonic hydration
• may lead to a decrease of blood volume and falling blood pressure

  dehydration and edema
• signs are thirst, sticky oral mucosa, dry skin, and decreased urine volume

  dehydration
• if not remedied, leads to cerebral edema, coma, and death

  hypotonic hydration
• usually follows severe burns or prolonged vomiting

  dehydration
• extracellular fluid compartment loses water

  dehydration
• markedly decreased electrolyte concentrations in the ECF, especially Na+

  hypotonic hydration
• may be caused by renal insufficiency

  hypotonic hydration
• renal calculi 


  kidney stones that block ureter causing pressure and pain
• Renal calculi causes

  bacterial infection

  urine retention

  increased calcium in the blood

  increase pH in urine
• renal calculi treatment

  shock waves that shatter the stones
• Urinary tract infections causes

  improper toilet habits

  sexually active women get UTI's more often
• Urethritis


  inflammation of urethra
• Cystitis


  inflammation of bladder
• Pyelitis or pyelonephritis


  inflammation of kidneys
• Stress incontinence

  Increased intra-abdominal pressure forces urine through external sphincter

  Laughing, coughing, or sneezing can cause incontinence
• Overflow incontinence

  urine dribbles when bladder overfills
• Urinary retention


  bladder is unable to expel urine
• ptosis

  one or both kidneys drop lower

  can be because of loss of fatty tissue

  symptoms: rapid weight loss, back-up and exert pressure on kidney tissue
• hydronephrosis

  back up of urine from obstruction

  can damage kidneys and lead to tissue death or renal failure
• pyelitis 


  Infection of renal pelvis and calyces
• Infection or inflammation of entire kidney

  Pyelonephritis
• infections in females are usually caused by fecal bacteria entering urinary tract

  Pyelonephritis
• Severe cases can cause swelling of kidney and abscess formation, and pus may fill renal pelvis

  Pyelonephritis
• If left untreated, kidney damage may result

  Pyelonephritis
• Normally is successfully treated with antibiotics

  Pyelonephritis
• Low urinary output

  Aurnia
• May be a sign that glomerular blood pressure is too low

  Aurnia
• Can also result from the nephrons ceasing to work

  Aurnia