chemistry paper 1 booster

• What is an atom?

  A substance made from one type of atom
• How is an element defined?

  It consists of one type of atom
• What is a compound?

  Two or more elements chemically combined
• What is a mixture?

  Two or more substances not chemically combined
• What is the smallest particle of matter recognized as an element?

  An atom
• What were atoms historically considered to be?

  Indivisible tiny solid spheres
• What did the plum pudding model propose?

  Electrons spread through positively charged material
• What did Rutherford's gold foil experiment demonstrate?

  Atoms are mainly empty space with a nucleus
• What is the nucleus of an atom?

  A tiny positively charged center
• What are energy levels in an atom?

  Regions where electrons are found
• What is the relationship between protons and electrons in an atom?

  They are equal in number
• What does the atomic number represent?

  The number of protons in the nucleus
• What is the atomic number of fluorine?

  9
• How are elements arranged in the modern periodic table?

  In order of atomic number
• What are isotopes?

  • Atoms of the same element
  • Different number of neutrons
• What is the relative formula mass (M_r) of a compound?

  Sum of relative atomic masses of atoms
• How do you calculate the percentage composition of an element in a compound?

  Mass of element / total mass x 100
• What is the electron configuration setup for the first 20 elements?

  • Electrons are found in shells
  • Shells can hold specific numbers:
  • 1st shell: 2 electrons
  • 2nd shell: 8 electrons
  • 3rd shell: 8 electrons
• What is the electron configuration of magnesium?

  2,8,2
• What is the electron configuration of oxygen?

  2,6
• What are the general equations in chemistry for reactions involving metals?

  • Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen gas
  • Metal + Water → Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen
  • Metal Carbonate → Metal Oxide + Carbon Dioxide
  • Acid + Base → Salt + Water
• What does the law of octaves state?

  Properties repeat in patterns of eight
• Who developed the periodic table with gaps for undiscovered elements?

  Dmitri Mendeleev
• What makes noble gases stable and unreactive?

  Full outer shells of electrons
• How does atomic radius change down the group of noble gases?

  It increases as you go down
• What happens to the boiling point of noble gases as you go down the group?

  It increases as you go down
• How does reactivity change in alkali metals as you go down the group?

  Reactivity increases as you go down
• What do alkali metals form when they react with water?

  Metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas
• What is tarnishing in alkali metals?

  Becoming dull and white from oxygen reaction
• How does reactivity in halogens change as you go up the group?

  Reactivity increases as you go up
• What is the trend in melting and boiling points of halogens?

  They increase as you go down the group
• What are the three types of bonding in chemistry?

  • Ionic bonding: Metals transfer electrons to non-metals
  • Covalent bonding: Non-metals share electrons
  • Metallic bonding: Electrons are attracted to positive centers
• What is an ionic bond?

  Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
• What do state symbols indicate in chemical reactions?

  The state of substances in a reaction
• What does (aq) stand for in state symbols?

  Dissolved in water
• What is the product of the reaction between magnesium and chlorine?

  Magnesium chloride
• What happens during the oxidation of magnesium?

  Magnesium loses electrons
• What happens during the reduction of chlorine?

  Chlorine gains electrons
• What are the properties of ionic compounds?

  High melting points and conduct electricity when molten
• What is a covalent bond?

  A shared pair of electrons between atoms