ARISTOLE

• What is the soul?


  form of the body i.e purpose (telos) its the purpose e.g the soul of the axe is cutting.(what it does) The soul does not survive death.
• What are the 3 categories of the soul?

  1. Vegetative
  2. Appetitive
  3. Intellectual (human only)
• how do we gain real knowledge of the world?

  through experience and observation that we gain such knowledge.
• what did aristotle reject?

  Plato’s extremely rationalist methods (such as the theory of Forms) as he refused to accept that true knowledge cannot be attained through empirical investigation.
• what is aristotle described as?

  property dualist
• what is property dualism?

  Property dualism is the view that there is only one kind of substance, matter, but that matter can have two distinct kinds of properties: physical and mental.
• what is aristotles axe analogy?


  "Suppose that a tool e.g., an axe, were a natural body, then being an axe would be its essence, and so it's psyche [soul]; if this disappeared from it, it would have ceased to be an axe, except in name." (De Anima)
• What is aristotles wax analogy?


  “If the eve was an animal, then sight would be its soul...the eye is the matter of sight...The waking state is actuality in the same sense that cutting and seeing are, while the soul is actuality in the same sense as sight (the faculty of the eye for seeing) or the potentiality of a tool. The body is that which exists in potentiality; but just as pupil and sight are the eye, so, in our case, soul and body are the animal." (De Anima)
• what are the weaknesses of property dualism?

  • There is no clear evidence our five senses are reliable. 
  • There is no clear evidence that everything does have a final cause – there may be no purpose in the universe, it may just exist (e.g. Russell – brute fact). 
  • Some animals have displayed abilities to reason, e.g. an ape was photographed using a stick to see how deep a river was before he crossed it