Cell structure

• SER, Cilia and centrioles functions

  • SER stands for smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Synthesis lipids and hormones. Synthesis, store and transports carbohydrates
  • Cilia involved in moving substances past the cell
  • Centrioles form spindle fibres involves in mitosis and meiosis
• Nucleus and mitochondria

  • Nucleus stores DNA, contains chromosomes and a nucleolus. The nuclear envelope has nuclear pores to control exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria's inner membrane is folded to form projections called cristae
  • Cristae have a matrix on the inside containing enzymes for respiration
• Functions of RER and Golgi apparatus

  • RER is the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Site of protein modification and covered with ribosomes.
  • Golgi apparatus and Golgi vesicles are stacks of flatted membranes. They collect, process and sort molecules to other parts of the cell or secreted out of the cell. Modifies proteins and makes lysosmes
• Lysosmes functions

  • They are a Golgi vesicle that releases lysozymes and contains other hydrolytic enzymes
• 6 key things in prokaryotic cell

  • Has cytoplasm
  • Smaller ribosomes
  • No nucleus
  • A cell wall made of peptidoglycan
  • Plasmids
  • Flagella
• Definition of magnification and resolution

  • Magnification is the number of times greater the size of image is than the size of the real object
  • Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two objects that are very close together
• Cytoskeleton

  A cytoskeleton is a network of proteins fibres running throughout cytoplasm
• Cytoskeleton 3 main components

  • Microfilaments are narrow fibres containing actin (a protein) They are involved with cell movement and in cytokinesis
• Cytoskeleton 3 main components pt2

  • Microtubules formed from sub units of protein tubulin. Which form spindle fibres and help determine shape of cells. Involved in movement of organelles
• Cytoskeleton 3 main components pt3

  • Intermediate fibres strengthen the cell
• All living organisms are made of cells, there are several different types of cells, some of them sharing some common features
• All living organisms are made of cells, there are several different types of cells, some of them sharing some common features
• All eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

  
• All eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

  
• Ultrastructure

  Detailed structure of cells that can be obtained by using a microscope
• Nucleus

  • Surrounded by a double membrane called the envelope containing pores which enable molecules to enter and leave the nucleus
  • Contains chromatin and a nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

  • Series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane with ribosomes on the surface
  • Folds and processes proteins made on the ribosomes
• Nucleus

  • Surrounded by a double membrane called the envelope containing pores which enable molecules to enter and leave the nucleus
  • Contains chromatin and a nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

  • System of membrane bound sacs
  • Synthesis and transports lipids and steroids
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

  • Series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane with ribosomes on the surface
  • Folds and processes proteins made on the ribosomes
• Golgi apparatus

  • Series of fluid filled, flattened & curved sacs with vesicles surrounding the edges
  • Processes and packages proteins and lipids
  • Produces lysosomes
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

  • System of membrane bound sacs
  • Produces and processes lipids
• Mitochondria

  • Usually oval shaped, bound by a double membrane called the envelope
  • Inner membrane is folded to form projections called cristae with matrix on the inside containing all the enzymes needed for respiration
• Golgi apparatus

  • Series of fluid filled, flattened & curved sacs with vesicles surrounding the edges
  • Processes and packages proteins and lipids
  • Produces lysosomes
• Centrioles

  • Hollow cylinders containing a ring of microtubules arranged at right angles to each other
  • Involved in cell division
• Mitochondria

  • Usually oval shaped, bound by a double membrane called the envelope
  • Inner membrane is folded to form projections called cristae with matrix on the inside containing all the enzymes needed for respiration
• Ribosomes

  Composed of two sub units and are the site of protein production
• Centrioles

  • Hollow cylinders containing a ring of microtubules arranged at right angles to each other
  • Involved in cell division
• Lysosome


  • Vesicle containing digestive enzymes bound by a single membrane
• Ribosomes

  Composed of two sub units and are the site of protein production
• Cytoskeleton

  Plays an important role in providing mechanical strength as well as aiding transport within cells and enabling cell movement
• Lysosome

  • Vesicle containing digestive enzymes bound by a single membrane
• Cytoskeleton

  Plays an important role in providing mechanical strength as well as aiding transport within cells and enabling cell movement
• Protein transport

  1. Proteins produced on ribosomes

  2. Proteins produced on surface of RER and is folded and processed in RER

  3. Proteins transported from RER to Golgi apparatus in vesicles

  4. Proteins modified in Golgi apparatus

  5. Golgi apparatus packages proteins into vesicles to be transported around the cells where they're required

  6. Some proteins such as extracellular enzymes leave the cell by exocytosis
• Protein transport

  1. Proteins produced on ribosomes

  2. Proteins produced on surface of RER folded and processed in RER

  3. Proteins transported from RER to Golgi apparatus in vesicles

  4. Proteins modified in Golgi apparatus

  5. Golgi apparatus packages proteins into vesicles to be transported around the cells where they're required

  6. Some proteins such as extracellular enzymes leave the cell by exocytosis
• Prokaryotic cells

  • Cell wall - Rigid outer covering made of peptidoglycan
  • Capsule - Protective slimy layer which helps the cell to retain moisture and adhere to surfaces
  • Plasmid - Circular piece of DNA
  • Flagellum - a tail like structure which rotates to move the cell
  • Pili - Hair-like structures which attach to other bacterial cells
  • Ribosomes - Site of protein production
• Prokaryotic cells

  • Cell wall - Rigid outer covering made of peptidoglycan
  • Capsule - Protective slimy layer which helps the cell to retain moisture and adhere to surfaces
  • Plasmid - Circular piece of DNA
  • Flagellum - a tail like structure which rotates to move the cell
  • Pili - Hair-like structures which attach to other bacterial cells
  • Ribosomes - Site of protein production
• Cytoskeleton

  Three components

  • Microfilaments
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate fibres