NUTRIDENT

• Diabetes mellitus


  A metabolic disorder characterized by relative or absolute insufficiency of insulin and disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism
• Diabetes mellitus occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces
• Causes of high blood glucose in diabetes mellitus

  • Do not produce enough insulin (absolute insulin insufficiency)
  • Produce enough insulin but your cells cannot properly absorb insulin (relative insulin insufficiency)
• Metabolic disorder


  There is something wrong with metabolism
• Carbohydrate Metabolism


  In metabolizing carbohydrate, the product is sugar
• Pancreas


  Shortcut name for Islets of Langerhan
• Pancreas


  1. Hormone producing cells: 1. Beta Cells - produces Insulin, a hypoglycemic hormone that lowers blood sugar

  2. Alpha Cells - produces Glucagon, a hyperglycemic hormone that increases blood sugar and is stored in the liver

  3. Gamma Cells
• Hyperglycemia is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes
• Reasons for hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes

  • Patients that do not have regular check-ups
  • Patients unaware of their high blood glucose
  • Diabetic patients not taking their prescribed anti-diabetic medications
• Vital organs damaged by diabetes

  • Heart
  • Liver
  • Kidney
• Hypertension affects only 1 vital organ: the Heart
• Females are more prone to hypertension due to having more fat cells than men, such as in the mammary gland
• Two classifications of Diabetes Mellitus

  1. TYPE 1: INSULIN-DEPENDENT - Rare type of DM, Juvenile-onset diabetes, Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, 5-10% of DM cases, Commonly occurs in childhood and adolescence, Absolute insulin deficiency

  2. Additional Info: IDDM - Rare type of DM, Autoimmune disease, Dependent on Insulin injections or medications, May be hereditary
• Autoimmune disease


  A disease that causes the body's natural defense system to not recognize and distinguish its own cells from foreign cells
• All autoimmune diseases do not have a cure and are managed by medications to prevent complications
• Autoimmune diseases are counteracted by taking steroids and anti-inflammatory medications
• Disease that causes our body's natural defense system to not recognize and distinguish our own cells from foreign cells
• Your own cells will attack and destroy your own cells instead of parasites
• Common types of autoimmune diseases

  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
  • Psoriasis
  • Grave's Disease
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Type 2 diabetes is also known as Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
• Type 2 diabetes


  • Results from impaired insulin function (insulin resistance)
  • Constitutes 90-95% of diabetes mellitus
  • Specific causes of this form are unknown
  • Risk factors include age, obesity, alcohol, diet, family history, lack of physical activity, and stress
• Stress


  Causes the release of corticosteroids, hormones that counter the effects of stress to maintain homeostasis
• In Type 2 diabetes, insulin is produced but is not enough to lower blood sugar
• Insulin resistance results in the inability of insulin-dependent cells to use glucose
• Excessive urination occurs in diabetes due to osmotic diuresis
• Increased fluid loss in diabetes leads to dehydration and excess thirst
• Patients with >150 mg/dL blood glucose cannot undergo operation or tooth extraction due to the risk of excessive bleeding
• Patients with blood glucose levels above 150 mg/dL are considered borderline diabetic
• Patho means something wrong, Physiology means normal
• Normal blood glucose level is maintained within 60 to 150 mg/dL
• Patients with blood glucose levels above 150 mg/dL are at risk of excessive bleeding during operations or tooth extractions
• 3 Ps of DM (Diabetes Mellitus)
• When cells are starved of glucose


  The patient experiences increased hunger
• Patho


  Means something wrong
• Physiology


  Means normal
• 150 mg/dL
• Borderline diabetic
• Patients with >150 mg/dL blood glucose cannot go under operation or tooth extraction at the risk of excessive bleeding
• 3 Ps of DM

  • Polyuria
  • Polyphagia
  • Polydipsia
• Polyphagia


  Cells are starved of glucose no matter how much insulin is released, the cells cannot absorb and utilize glucose needed for ATP production