Intellectual Revolution

• Nicolaus Copernicus

  Born: February 19, 1473

  Died: May 24, 1543
• Nicolaus Copernicus

  enrolled in University of Cracow, 1491
• the earth was fixed in the center of the

  Geocentric View
• pamphlet on both sides of wherein Copernicus wrote out a description of his startling new arrangement for planetary motions

  Commentariolus or Little Commentary
• the book where Copernicus boldly introduced the idea that the earth is not fixed in the middle of the universe, but is really a planet the sun.

  On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)
• Charles Darwin

  Born: February 12, 1809

  Died: April 19, 1882
• • A poet free thinking physician and stylish
  • Author of zoonomia; or the laws of organic life
  • grandfather of Charles

  Erasmus Darwin
• Charles Darwin Studied medicine at Edinburgh University in 1825
• Charles Darwin had a _ collecting passions

  beetle
• Darwin’s book was first published in England in 1859

  The Origin of Species
• Sigmund Freud

  Born: May 6, 1856

  Died: September 23, 1939
• • Instincts drive and direct behavior, the goal of which the satisfaction of needs is derived from the instincts
  • this is the desire for immediate gratification

  Pleasure Principle
• instinctual drive towards survival and replacement of energy requires translation into more specific terms such as 'food, love, security' etc.

  Libido
• • strives to bring about the satisfaction of instinctual needs on the basis of the pleasure principle
  • not governed by logic
  • It is the individual's primary subjective reality at the unconscious level.

  Id
• • under the influence of the Reality
  • Mediates among the Id, the Superego and the external world
  • associated with a set of cognitive functions such as reality-testing, defense mechanisms, synthesis of information, intellectual functioning, and memory.

  Ego
• includes a conscious set of ideals, the pattern to which the individual consciously tries to adapt his life, and an unconscious set of

  Superego
• With a male infant the objective choice is the loved mother, with jealousy of the father

  Oedipus complex
• The girl develops a love for the father and corresponding jealousy of the mother

  Elektra complex
• The libido is transferred from parents to friends, clubs, and leading figures

  Latency period
• the instinctual urge is objective and aggressive, whereas masturbation in the immature Genital period is essentially a subjective experience

  Phallic Stage
• • the child begins to realize that it is a pleasurable experience to manipulate particular areas of the body, such as the mouth, the anus, and the genitals
  • At the Anal Stage the child learns to differentiate between the 'ME versus NOT-ME'

  Genital Stage
• • tension builds up as bowel and bladder functioning demand attention
  • When defecation and urination take place, the experience of the relief from tension is pleasurable

  Anal Stage
• infant's first source of pleasure is oral (mouth)

  Oral
• This unconscious part of the mind includes some material which has been dissociated from conscious thinking

  Subconscious
• some part of the mind that can relatively easily become conscious

  Preconscious contents