Terminology

• pathogens are organisms which causes diseases eg bacteria, virus
• receptors are proteins on the surface of cells
• antibodies are y-shaped proteins produced by B-lymphocytes
• adjuvants are the substance used in vaccines to enhance immune responce
• cytokines are proteins which causes accumulation of phagocytes and stimulates specific immune response = brings lymphocytes released by phagocytes
• herd immunity is a large percentage of a population immunised to protect the non-immune
• antigenic variation are when pathogens change their antigens to evade specific immune response eg influenza virus
• apoptosis is the self destruction of infected cells caused by T-lymphocytes
• What are angiosperms?

  Flowering plants
• What is a bacteriophage?

  A virus that targets bacterial hosts
• What is civil engineering?

  A profession designing infrastructure for living standards
• What is cysticercosis?

  A parasitic tissue infection
• What are ferns?

  Flowerless plants reproducing by spores
• What is a gravid proglottid?

  A tapeworm segment with reproductive organs
• What are gymnosperms?

  Flowerless vascular plants producing seeds
• What are liverworts?

  Flowerless, spore-producing plants
• What is Mollusca?

  A phylum of varied soft-bodied animals
• What are mosses?

  Flowerless plants lacking seeds and vascular systems
• What are Platyhelminthes?

  Flatworms with bilateral symmetry and internal organs
• What is a pollinator?

  An organism transferring pollen between flowers