21st

• Literature is a written record of man’s best thoughts and feelings
• Latin


  “littera”
• Reasons why people write

  • For self-expression
  • To spread knowledge & information
  • To pass on ideas & values
  • To impart truth, accuracy, and evaluation
• Timelessness


  No expiration
• Eternity


  Recall the impacts
• Universality


  Appreciated by everyone
• Permanence


  Cannot be forgotten
• Literature qualities


  • Artistry
  • Intellectual Value
  • Spiritual Value
  • Style
  • Suggestiveness
• Prose


  Discourse that follows the usual flow of conversation which uses sentences forming paragraphs to express ideas, feelings, & action
• Poetry


  Combines the sound & meaning of language to express ideas & feelings
• Fiction


  Author’s imagination
• Non-Fiction


  Express the viewpoint & opinion of the writer in a particular problem/event
• Division of Prose

  • Fiction
  • Non-Fiction
• Alibata was the earliest Filipino writing system which was replaced by the Roman alphabet; symbols
• The Christian Doctrine (Doctrina Cristiana) was the first Tagalog and Spanish book published in the Philippines in 1593 in Xylography
• Libro de los Cuatro Post Primeras de Hombre was the first book published in typography
• Nuestra Señora del Rosario was the second book printed in the Philippines authored by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602
• Ang Barlaan at Josephat was the first Biblical story published in the Philippines
• The Passion narrates the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ, and it is normally recited during the lent season
• Urbana at Felisa father of Tagalog classic prose, Modesto de Castro authored this book
• Ang Mga Dalit Kay Maria (Psalms for Mary) is a collection of songs praising Virgin Mary
• Folk Songs


  • Leron-Leron Sinta
  • Dandansoy
  • Pamulinawen
  • Sarong Banggi
  • Atin Cu Pung Singsing
• Recreational plays are performed
• Modesto de Castro authored a book, considered the father of Tagalog classic prose
• Folk Songs

  • Leron-Leron Sinta
  • Dandansoy
  • Pamulinawen
  • Sarong Banggi
  • Atin Cu Pung Singsing
• Recreational Plays

  • Tibag - a ritual to remind the people about the search of Saint Helena for the Holy Cross where Jesus Christ was nailed & died
  • Lagaylay - fulfill a vow; Month of May for the Pilarenos of Sorsogon
  • Cenakulo - re-enact the passion & death of Jesus (Cantada - chanted like passion, Hablada - lines are spoken showing the rhythmic measure of verse & stanza)
  • Panunulyuan - a play where the search of Virgin Mary & Saint Joseph for an inn to deliver the baby Jesus re-enacted
  • Salubong - an Easter Sunday play, stages the meeting of the Risen Jesus Christ and His Mother
  • Carillo (shadow play) - a dramatic entertainment performed during dark nights
  • Zarzuela (Father of Drama) - a musical comedy/melodrama, which dealt with man’s passions & emotions
  • Sainete - a brief yet exaggerated musical comedy wherein the character depicted came from the lower class
  • Moro-moro - a play held in every city fiesta for the individuals to enjoy & commemorate their Christianity
  • Karagatan - a poetic competition; based on a legend about a princess who dropped her ring into the middle of the ocean & offered her hand in marriage to anyone can find it
  • Balagtasan - a poetic debate about a social issue; honor of Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar
  • Dung-aw - a chant in free verse by a grieving person beside the corpse of the dead
• Developments in Education & Culture

  • Free instruction for all children of school age was introduced (free public education)
  • Use of English as a medium of instruction
  • Thomasites - a group of American teachers who travelled from the U.S.
  • Founded Schools/Universities in the PH: Philippine Normal College (PNU), National University, Siliman University, El Colegio de San Beda (SBU), Negros Oriental High School, Iloilo Normal School, St. Paul University, Filamer Christian University, Zamboanga Normal School, Escuela de Farmacia del Liceo de Manila (MCU), Central University of the Philippines, University of the Philippines, University of Manila, Cebu Normal School, Philippine Women’s University, Jose Rizal University, Mapua Institute of Technology, Far Eastern University, Arellano University, San Sebastian College-Recoletos
• Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1930) - Filipino writers imitated English & American models
• Period of Emergence (1920-1930) - influenced by western literary trends like romanticism & realism
• Literary Productions: Short Stories


  • Dead Stars - first short story written in English by Paz Marquez Benitez
  • The Small Key - written by Paz Latorena
  • Footnote to Youth - written by Jose Garcia Villa (Poet of the Century)
• Literary Productions: Novels

  • Child of Sorrow - first novel in English by Zoilo Galang
• Literary Productions: Newspapers


  • El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) - established by Sergio Osmena in 1900; Americans censored; twice banned
  • El Grito del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation) - established by Pasucal Poblete in 1900
  • El Renacimiento (The Rebirth) - founded by Rafael Palma in 1901
• Literary Productions: Plays

  • Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas - written by Aurelio Tolentin; depicts suppression done by the Americans & their plans to colonize the Philippines
  • Tanikalang Ginto - Juan Abad
  • Malaya - Tomas
• The Nation was established by Pasucal Poblete in 1900
• El Renacimiento (The Rebirth) was founded by Rafael Palma in 1901
• Plays

  • Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas - written by Aurelio Tolentin
  • Tanikalang Ginto - Juan Abad
  • Malaya - Tomas Remigio
  • Walang Sugat - Severino Reyes
• TAGALOG PROSE FICTION

  • Salawahang Pag-Ibig & Banaag at Sikat - Lope K. Santos
  • Pagsintang Naluoy - Modesto Santiago
  • Unang Bulaklak - Valeriano Hernandez
• POETRY


  • Unique, natural, expertly written & later merged social awareness
  • Themes include love, nationalism, spirituality, evocativeness, and insightfulness
  • Written in free verse, odes, and sonnets
• WRITERS

  • Marcelo de Garcia Concepcion
  • Jose Garcia Villa
  • Angela Manalang Gloria
  • Abelardo Subido
  • Trinidad Tarrosa Subido
  • Rafael Zulueta da Costa
• SHORT STORIES


  • The College publications
  • UP Literary Apprentice
  • Philippine Free Press
  • The Graphic
  • The Philippine Magazine