genetic engineering

• Biotechnology

  • Can involve the use of plasmids and viruses as vectors, bacterial enzymes, and yeasts
• Biotechnology techniques

  1. Bacterial transformations

  2. Electroporation

  3. Microinjection
• Selecting genes

  Using probes
• Removing genes

  Using restriction enzymes
• Using CRISPR

  To edit and/or transfer genes
• GMO stands for Genetically Modified/manipulated Organism (bacteria, plants, fungi, animals)
• Some GMO

  • Soya bean, wheat, corn/maize
  • Tomato
  • Salmon
  • Cow
• Support for GMO: Cheaper as crop yield is increased, resistant to disease, faster growing for food security
• Against GMO: Genetic composition altered, inserted sequences from other species can induce mutations or produce allergens
• Genetic Engineering

  • Involves the isolation and transfer of genes from one organism to another species or the original organism to alter the genetic composition
• Genetic engineering process

  1. DNA extraction and cutting into fragments using restriction enzymes

  2. Identification of gene of interest using probes

  3. Isolation of gene of interest using a specific restriction enzyme

  4. Rest...
• Identification of gene of interest using probes
• Other types of probes
• Separating the gene of interest from the rest of the genetic material

  Restriction enzymes must cut above and below the complete sequence of bases of the desired gene without binding or cutting within the gene's base sequence
• Restriction enzyme

  • Eco R1
  • G-A-A-T-T-C (DNA sequence of restriction site)
• Joining the 'gene of interest' with recipient DNA using DNA ligase to create recombinant DNA

  The recombinant DNA is delivered into recipient cell/organism by various methods such as bacterial plasmid, viral vectors, microinjection, or CRISPR
• Recombinant DNA delivery into recipient cell/organism

  Delivered by various methods such as bacterial plasmid, viral vectors, microinjection, or CRISPR
• Cell containing new recombinant DNA reproduces/divides to form more cells

  Gene cloning by binary fission in a prokaryotic cell or mitosis in a eukaryotic cell
• Successful incorporation of a foreign gene into recipient genome

  Allows successful gene expression, transcription, and translation of the donor gene or inserted gene
• Genetic engineering steps

  DNA extraction from a human cell (donor), cutting plasmid ring out of a bacterial cell and human DNA, identifying gene for insulin/growth hormone using complementary, labelled RNA probe, cutting out the gene for insulin/growth hormone using a restriction enzyme, inserting the gene for insulin into the plasmid using DNA ligase, inserting the recombinant plasmid back into the bacteria, allowing bacteria to divide by binary fission and reproduce/cloning, extracting, purifying, and bottling insulin for use by people with diabetes
• Gene therapy steps

  Not provided