Chapter 11

• Endocrine system


  Composed of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, pineal gland, and gonads.
• Endo-


  Within
• -crine


  Secrete or separate
• Hormone


  Chemical messengers that enter the bloodstream and are carried throughout the body, affecting a variety of organs and tissues.
• Pituitary gland, hypophysis or master gland


  Located at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus.
• Pituit/o


  Pituitary gland
• Hypothalamus


  Located below the thalamus in the brain and secretes releasing and inhibiting factors that affect the release of substances from the pituitary gland. It produces antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
• Infundibulum


  The stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
• Anterior pituitary gland or adenohypophysis


  Cranial part of the pituitary gland. Produces thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, interstitial cell stimulating hormone, prolactin, growth hormone, and melanocyte stimulating hormone.
• Aden/o


  Gland
• Indirect acting hormones


  Hormones in the anterior pituitary gland because they cause their target organ to produce a second hormone.
• Direct acting hormones


  Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland because they produce the desired effect directly on the organ
• Posterior pituitary gland


  The caudal part of the pituitary gland. It releases antidiuretic hormone, and oxytocin.
• Thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH


  Released from the anterior pituitary gland, and it augments growth and secretions of the thyroid gland
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH


  Released from the anterior pituitary gland, and it augments the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex.
• Follicle stimulating hormone, FSH


  Released from the anterior pituitary gland, and it augments the secretion of estrogen and growth of eggs in the ovaries in females and the production of sperm in the testes in males. It is a gonadotropic hormone.
• Gonad/o


  Gamete producing gland
• -tropic


  Having an affinity for
• Luteinizing hormone, LH


  Gonadotropic hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland, and it augments ovulation and aids in the maintenance of pregnancy. It transforms an ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum.
• Lute/o


  Yellow
• Interstitial cell stimulating hormone, ICSH


  Released from the anterior pituitary gland, and it stimulates testosterone secretion. It is now considered to be LH.
• Prolactin, lactogenic hormone, luteotropin, LTH


  Released from the anterior pituitary gland, and it augments milk secretion and influences maternal behavior.
• Lact/o


  Milk
• Growth hormone, somatotropin, GH, STH


  Released from the anterior pituitary gland, and it accelerates body growth.
• Somat/o


  Body
• Melanocyte stimulating hormone, MSH


  Released from the anterior pituitary gland, and it augments skin pigmentation
• Antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin, ADH


  Released from the posterior pituitary gland, and it maintains water balance in the body by augmenting water resorption in the kidneys.
• Anti-


  Against
• Diuretic


  Pertaining to increased urine secretion
• Vas/o


  Vessel
• Press/i


  Tension
• Vasopressin


  Affects blood pressure
• Oxytocin


  Released from the posterior pituitary gland, and it stimulates uterine contractions and milk letdown from the mammary ducts.
• Thyroid gland


  The butterfly shaped gland with right and left lobes fused ventrally by the isthmus. Located on either side of the larynx. It regulates metabolism, iodine uptake, and blood calcium level, and it releases triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and calcitonin.
• Thyr/o and thyroid/o


  Thyroid
• Triiodothyronine, T3


  One of the thyroid hormones that regulates metabolism.
• Thyroxine, T4


  One of the thyroid hormones that regulates metabolism
• Calcitonin


  Thyroid hormone that promotes the absorption of calcium from blood to the bones. This lowers blood calcium and raises bone calcium levels.
• Parathyroid gland


  Four glands located on the surface of the thyroid gland, and it secretes parathyroid hormone.
• Parathyroid hormone, parathormone, PTH


  Released from the parathyroid gland, and it regulates blood calcium and phosphorus levels, increases blood calcium levels by reducing bone calcium levels, and regulates phosphorus content of blood and bones.