2. The Etiology and Epidemiology of cancer

• Pathogenesis of neoplasia?

  Normal -> hyperplasia -> metaplasia -> dysplasia -> anaplasia -> infiltration -> metastasis
• What genes cause cancer?

  1. Activation of oncogenes

  2. Inactivated of tumor suppressor genes
• Autosomal dominant of inherited cancer syndromes?

  - familial retinoblastoma

  - familial adematous polypois (FAP) of the colon

  - multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome

  - neurofibromatosis types 1 &2
• What are the examples of pro-carcinogens?

  1. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

  - aflatoxins B

  - mitomycin C

  2. Nitrosamines

  - formed by action of nitrates on foods - insecticides (chlordane)

  3. Metals

  - chromium, nickel, carbon tertrachloride
• What cancer will be caused by HBV, HVC?

  Hepatocellular carcinoma
• What cancer will be caused by EBV?

  Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
• What cancer will be caused by HPV 6, HPV 11?

  1. low risks types-benign lesions-laryngeal papilloma

  2. benign or low-grade abnormalities of cervical cells
• What cancer will be caused by HPV 16, HPV 18?

  intraepithelial neoplasia of anogenital region
• What cancer will be caused by Helicobacter pylori?

  Stomach Cancer
• What cancer will be caused by Bacteroides fragilis?

  Colon Cancer
• Asbestos will cause cancer in?

  Lung, mesothelioma
• Benzene will cause cancer in?

  leukemia
• Cadmium will cause cancer in?

  Prostate
• Chromium compounds will cause cancer in?

  lung
• Ethylene oxide will cause cancer in?

  Leukemia
• Vincyl chloride will cause cancer in?

  Liver, angiosarcorma
• Arsenic will cause cancer in?

  Lung, skin
• Most common cancer in Malaysia (Men)?

  1st: lung

  2nd: colorectum
• Most common cancer in Malaysia (Women)?

  1st: Breast

  2nd : Colorectum