3. Diagnosis of Cancer

• Grading and Staging of cancer

  1. T: size of primary Tumor
  2. N: lymph Node involvement
  3. M: presence/absence of Metastases
• What is the complication of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC)?

  Hemorrhage, pneumothorax
• What is the application of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC)?

  Helps in diagnosis of palpable lesions of breast, lymph node, thyroid, soft tissue
• (Tumor markers) hCG indicates?

  choriocarcinoma
• (Tumor markers) CA 15-3 indicates?

  Breast carcinoma
• (Tumor markers) calcitonin indicates?

  thyroid medullary carcinoma
• (Tumor markers) prolactin indicates?

  Pituitary adenomas
• (Tumor markers) CA 125 indicates?

  Ovarian carcinoma
• (Tumor markers) PSA indicates?

  Prostate cancer
• (Tumor markers) chromogranin A indicates?

  Endocrine neoplasia
• (Immunostaining)Estrogen receptor by IHC indicates?

  Breast carcinoma
• (Tumor markers) alpha fetoprotein indicates?

  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), embryonal carcinomas in testis and ovary
• (Tumor markers) CEA indicates?

  colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma