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Biology Unit 1
Gene expression
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Cards (32)
What does gene expression involve?
Reading
DNA
code to produce
proteins
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What are the two major processes involved in gene expression?
Transcription
and
translation
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What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?
It joins RNA
nucleotides
to form mRNA
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What type of RNA is produced during transcription?
Messenger
RNA (mRNA)
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What happens to the DNA during transcription?
It
unwinds
and
unzips
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What binds to the exposed complementary bases during transcription?
Free
RNA
nucleotides
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What is formed when RNA nucleotides join together?
A
phosphodiester
bond
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What is produced after transcription is complete?
Pre-mRNA
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What must happen to pre-mRNA before it can code for a protein?
It must undergo
splicing
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What are the non-coding regions in pre-mRNA called?
Introns
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What are the coding regions in pre-mRNA called?
Exons
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Where does mature mRNA go after splicing?
It passes out of the
nucleus
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What are codons?
Groups of
3
bases on
mRNA
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What is the role of tRNA in translation?
It brings specific
amino acids
to
ribosomes
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What is the start codon in mRNA?
AUG
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What happens when a tRNA anticodon binds to an mRNA codon?
It
brings
a
specific amino acid
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What forms between two activated amino acids during translation?
A
peptide
bond
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What happens to the ribosome during translation?
It moves along the
mRNA
codons
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What happens when a stop codon is reached during translation?
The polypeptide chain is
released
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What are gene mutations?
Changes in the
nucleotide
base
sequence
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What can cause gene mutations?
Spontaneous changes during
DNA
replication
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What is a substitution mutation?
One base is
exchanged
for another
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What is a deletion mutation?
A
base
is
lost
from the sequence
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What is an insertion mutation?
A base is
added
to the sequence
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How do mutations affect protein structure?
They can alter the
amino
acid
sequence
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What happens if a mutation introduces a stop codon too early?
A
shorter,
non-functional
protein
is made
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What are hereditary gene mutations?
Mutations in
gamete
DNA
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How are hereditary mutations passed on?
They are inherited by the next
generation
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What are acquired mutations?
Mutations occurring during a
person's
life
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What can cause acquired mutations?
Environmental
factors or
DNA
replication errors
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Where do acquired mutations occur?
In
somatic
cells
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Why can't acquired mutations be inherited?
They do not occur in
gametes
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