pky

• Scientific Approach-discovers and measure information as well as observe and control variables in an impersonal manner.
• Inquiry


  Looking for information mainly through asking various questions
• Research


  Systematic investigation of any social or natural phenomena where results and conclusions are aimed at contributing to generalize knowledge
• Science


  A systematized and organized body of knowledge in any area of inquiry that is acquired using the “scientific method”
• Scientific method


  Standardized set of techniques for building scientific knowledge, such as how to make valid observations, how to interpret results, and how to generalize those results
• Aspects of scientific method

  • How to make valid observations
  • How to interpret results
  • How to generalize those results
• Qualitative research


  Promotes a full understanding of human behavior or personality traits in their natural setting
• Quantitative research


  Gives stress to measurable and observable facts instead of personal views, feelings, or attitudes
• *Scientific Approach-discovers and measure information as well as observe and control variables in an impersonal manner.
• *Naturalistic Approach-directs you to deal with qualitative data that speak of how people behave toward their surroundings.
• *Triangulation Approach-combining the two approaches in designing your research
• Systematic-done in an orderly manner; it follows a system that applies logic at many points
• *Controlled- carefully planned and does not allow any intuition without basis, problem is thoroughly defined, variables are identified and instruments are carefully selected or constructed.
• Empirical


  Conclusions are based on evidences which are gathered carefully through the use of carefully selected or researcher-made instruments
• Critical


  Conclusions are made through critical evaluation of data which enables the researcher to develop full confidence in the results or outcomes of the research
• Cyclical


  Starts with identifying a problem and ends with introducing possible future problems to be addressed
• Universal


  The research processes and procedures are transmittable which enables the other researchers to replicate them and assess their validity
• Replicable


  The researcher may use the results of a study and/or build upon the research results of another
• Pure Research


  Deals with concepts, principles, or abstract things
• Applied Research


  Applying research to societal problems or issues
• Descriptive Research


  Defining or giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing, event, group, situation, etc.
• Correlational Research


  Shows the relationship or connectedness of two factors, circumstances, or agents called variables that affect the research
• Explanatory Research


  Elaborates or explains not just the reasons behind the relationship of two factors, but also the ways which such relationship exists
• Exploratory Research


  Finds out how reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research study on a certain topic
• Action Research


  Studies on ongoing practice of a school, organization, community, or institution for the purpose of obtaining results
• Honesty


  • Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods, and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, granting agencies, or the public
• Objectivity


  • Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research
• Integrity


  • Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action
• Openness


  • Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas
• Respect for Intellectual Property

  • Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize
• Social Responsibility


  • Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy
• Human Subjects’ Protection


  • When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly
• Through various sources (Baxter & Jack, 2008)
• Ethnography


  A qualitative method where researchers observe and/or interact with a study's participants in their real-life environment
• Phenomenology


  Focuses on the study of an individual's lived experiences within the world
• Content & Discourse Analysis

  Content Analysis is a method for studying and/or retrieving meaningful information from documents. Discourse Analysis is the study of the ways in which language is used in texts and contexts
• Historical Analysis


  A method of the examination of evidence in coming to an understanding of the past
• Grounded Theory


  Enables you to study a particular phenomenon or process and discover new theories that are based on the collection and analysis of real world data
• THE REASON QUESTION-defined as specific questions about behavior, event, or phenomena of interest that you wish to seek answer for you research. It can delve into issues of what, why, how, when or so forth.
• Qualitative research questions are often EXPLORATORY and DESCRIPTIVE” (Hesse-biber and Leavy, 2011)