Classification

• Taxonomy

  The study of identification, classification, and nomenclature of plants
• • Importance of Plant Taxonomy:To arrange elements or taxa of plants into a more systematic manner so that they can be better understood and could be used easily and more effectively.2. To arrange data or information and knowledge about plants.

  1. 3. To indicate the source and genetic relationship (phylogenetic), ancestry and origin of plants.
  2. 4. To indicate the distribution and habitat of plants on earth and their benefits.
• Importance of Plant Taxonomy:

  • To arrange elements or taxa of plants into a more systematic manner so that they can be better understood and could be used easily and more effectively.
  • To arrange data or information and knowledge about plants.
  • To indicate the source and genetic relationship (phylogenetic), ancestry and origin of plants.

  1. To indicate the distribution and habitat of plants on earth and their benefits.
• • Classification: 
  • Use of characters to name and place organisms into groups
• Taxon (singular) , taxa (plural)

  • Group of organism to which taxonomic name is applied
• Systematics

  • classication into groupns on evolutionary relationships
• Classification

  • Plants are arranged into groups of similar characteristics.
  • The groups are considered as categories or taxa and form the taxonomic system.
• identification

  • To identify and derive the name of an organism by referring to an existing classification.
• • Nomenclature
  • To provide a scientific name to an organism.
• • Description
  • To describe the characteristics of a taxon
• Classification of living things, Systema Naturae, published in 1735 by Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus)

  • Father of Taxonomy
  • Grouped organisms into a hierarchical classification based on shared similarities
  • Used the binomial naming system consistently: genus and species
• BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

  • Latinized, unique for species
  • Genus capitalized, species not capitalized
  • Underline or use italics
  • Author’s name and date of publication may be included
  • 3rd part cites who formally described the organism (not italized)
• The levels from highest to lowest classification are as follows:

  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Suborder
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
  • Subspecies 
• KINGDOM

  • The highest level in a classification 
  • e.g. animal and plant kingdom
• DIVISION

  • The number of groups in this taxon is not fixed, it depends on the classification system.
  • Based on similar characteristics observed on a few elements or organs  
  • dominance of a sporophyte to a gametophyte
  • presence of an ovule
  • Seed formation 
  • several other morphological and anatomical characteristics.
  • Those are hereditary characteristics and will continue to exist from generation to generation. 
• CLASS

  • The number of groups in this taxon is also not fixed, depending on the classification system.
  • Separation is based on important basic differences that exist between the groups.
• ORDER

  • Separation is based on a more convincing genetic relationship which earlier had been detected at the class and division level.
• FAMILY

  • Based on more characteristics compared to order, class and division 
  • morphological characteristics of reproductive organs 
  • inflorescence, ovary position, placentation, number of pistils and carpels, types of ovule and androecium
• GENUS

  • Genus involves more similar characteristics including a closer family relationship but they do not cross. 
  • If a hybrid cross does occur the offsprings are normally infertile or will not survive.
  • Phylogenetically, new genus arises and separates from the same parental origin.
• Kingdom Examples

  A) bacteria, prokaryotic

  B) algae, protozoa, eukaryotic

  C) absorb food in liquid form

  D) photosynthesis

  E) ingest food

  
• Plant Kingdom Division

  A) mosses, non vascular

  B) ferns, vascular, spores on leaves

  C) conifers, pinus, seed in cones

  D) ginkgo, fan-shaped leaves

  E) cycads, palm-liked leaves

  F) gnetum, vessel-filled wood

  G) flowering plants

  H) magnoliopsida, dicot

  I) liliopsida, monocot

  
• ENDING OF EACH TAXON FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE CLASSIFICATION LEVEL (Excluding kingdom, genus, and species)

  • Division
  • -phyta
  • Class
  • -opsida/-eae
  • Order
  • -ales/-ae
  • Family
  • -aceae/-ae
  • Sub family
  • -oideae
• In plant kingdom, classification after species is subspecies (subsp.) and variety (var.)
• When species of plant is unknown, plant can be referred as sp.
• When we collectively want to refer few or all species, we use spp.
• The cultivar name is added after genus or specific epithet, put in single quotes without italicization
• The third element is the name of the person who formally gave the name.
• For species that have been named earlier, it is adequate to name the species from then on using only the first letter of the generic name:
• • For specific name consisting of two words, a hyphen is needed between the two words
• When two or more authors suggest a scientific name, their names are linked by `et’:
• • When the first author suggests a name but was officially published by a second author, both names are linked by `ex’
• • Cladistics
  • quantitative method of classification of plants that attempts to recover evolutionary relationships, based on observable characters.