intro to organic

• homologous series

  A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

  -same functional group

  -same general fomula

  -similar chemical properties
• structural formula

  a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound.
• displayed formula

  A formula showing the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.
• skeletal formula

  A simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.
• molecular formula

  shows the number of each atom in a molecule
• empirical formula

  shows the simplest whole number ratio of the elements present in one molecule of the compound
• structural isomerism

  compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

  e. propene and cyclopropane
• chain isomerism

  the same molecular formula, but a different arrangement of carbon atoms in the chain

  eg. pentane and 2,2-dimethyl propane
• positional isomerism

  the same molecular formula, but the functional group in a different position

  eg. butanol and butan-2-ol
• functional group isomerism

  same molecular formula but different functional group

  eg. propanal and propanaone
• stereoisomerism

  Compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space
• geometrical isomerism

  seen in unsaturated or ring compounds that have the same molecular formula and order of atoms but different shapes
• E/Z isomerism

  -used to distinguish between the isomers

  Z- have functional groups on the same side

  E- have functional groups on opposite sides
• cis-trans isomers

  Cis: Atoms are on the same side of the double bond (Z)

  Trans: atoms are on opposite sites of double bond (E)
• Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, making them unreactive towards most reagents.
• Alkenes have at least one double bond between two carbons, which makes them more reactive than alkanes due to their ability to undergo addition reactions.