Energy Metabolism

• Importance of Energy Metabolism

  • production of food
• Energy Metabolism

  • set of life-sustaining (homeostasis) chemical transformations within plant cell
  • series of metabolic process happen in different parts of the plants (leaves, stem, roots)
• Glucose and oxygen

  • act together to release energy
  • product of photosynthesis
• Energy metabolism

  • Enables organism to transform chemical energy stored in the molecules that can be used for cellular purposes
• Photosynthesis Process

  A) carbon dioxide, water

  B) glucose, oxygen

  C) captures light energy

  D) starch

  E) light dependent

  F) light independent, calvin cycle

  G) oxygen uptake

  H) carbon dioxide update

  I) rubp regeneration

  J) occurs in stroma

  
• • Reactants of photosynthesis
  • CO2 and H2O
• • Products
  • Glucose and O2
• • Importance of Chlorophyll
  • Give green pigment
  • Captures light energy
• Photosynthesis is a type of chemical reaction for it converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

  Plant converts some of the glucose into starch
• Two stages of photosynthesis

  • Light dependent
  • Light independent (Calvin Cycle)
• 3 phases of calvin cycle (occurs in the stroma)

  • Oxygen uptake
  • Carbon dioxide uptake
  • RuBP regeneration
• Respiration

  The breaking of the C-C bonds of complex compounds through oxidation within the cells, leading to release of considerable amount of energy is called respiration

  
  

  Metabolic counter process of photosynthesis
• Respiratory substrates

  • The compounds that are oxidized during respiration process
• • Gases enters the leaf is carbon dioxide
  • Oxygen is releases through stomata
• • Product of photosynthesis which is glucose is being used to produce carbon dioxide and water
  • In respiration, utilizes co2 and water to produce glucose
• Nitrogen Fixation

  • A process of converting nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonia by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia
• • This process usually happens in the roots of legumes.
  • The symbiotic (mutual benefits) relationship between the nitrogen-fixing bacteria and the legumes happens in the root nodules
• Importance of Nitrogen Fixation

  • protects soil from erosion
  • Retains moisture of soil
• 2 TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION

  • ANABOLIC REACTIONS
  • CATABOLIC REACTIONS
• ANABOLIC REACTIONS

  • Building up process, large, complex molecules w/c are synthesized from simpler molecules
• CATABOLIC REACTIONS

  • Breaking down process of large molecules
• In plant metabolism, there is tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport chain and as well as urea cycle
• • product of urea cycle - protein (amino acids)
• • Tricarboxylic acid
  • Breakdown ng glycolysis na nagcoconvert ng glucose into pyruvate hanggang sa makabuo ng carbohydrate
  • From acetyl Co A, magkakaroon ng glycogenesis that forms fats and lipids
• CELLULAR RESPIRATION

  • Mechanism of breakdown of food materials within the cell to release energy, and the trapping of this energy for synthesis of ATP. 
  • Series of chemical reaction that breaks apart fuel molecules and transfer the energy stored in their bonds to ATP for use in cellular work
• • Glycolysis 
  • Metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate
• Formation of acetyl COA

  • Links glycolysis to citric acid cycle
• • Citric acid cycle
  • Each acetyl coa combines with the 4 carbon molecules to form 6 carbon molecules which is the citrate
  • Citrate degrades to 4 carbon molecules plus 2 molecules of CO2
  • NADH AND FADH2 is produces here
• Electron Transport

  • NADH and FADH
• STEP 1:

  • acetyl CoA joins with a four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, releasing the CoA group and forming a six-carbon molecule called citrate.
• STEP 2:

  •  citrate is converted into its isomer, isocitrate
• STEP 3:

  • enzyme catalyzing, isocitrate dehydrogenase
• STEP 4:

  • enzyme catalyzing, a -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
• STEP 5:

  • forming GTP-guanosine triphosphate-as a product.
  • The four-carbon molecule produces is called succinate.
• STEP 6:

  • FADH2 can transfer its electrons directly into the electron transport chain.
• STEP 7

  • water is added to the four-carbon molecule fumarate, converting it into another four-carbon molecule called malate.
• STEP 8

  • last stage, oxaloacetate-the starting four- carbon compound-is regenerated by oxidation of malate. 
  • Another molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH
• AEROBIC RESPIRATION

  • It is the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food.
• • When glucose (food) is not fully breakdown, then less energy will be released by aerobic respiration
• • Most of reactions in aerobic respiration takes place in mitochondria