Exam EAPP

• Reading


  A cognitive process that involves decoding symbols to arrive at meaning. It is an active process of constructing meanings of words
• Reading with a purpose

  • Helps the reader to direct information towards a goal and focuses their attention
• The Reading Process (3 stages)

  1. Pre-reading Stage

  2. During Reading

  3. After Reading
• Pre-reading Stage


  1. Allows the reader to activate background knowledge, preview the text, and develop a purpose for reading

  2. The reader looks at the title of the selection and lists all the information that comes to mind about the title
• During Reading


  The reader makes predictions as he/she reads and then confirms or revises the predictions
• After Reading


  Allows the reader to retell the story, discuss the elements of a story, answer questions and/or compare it to another text
• Comprehension

  An intentional, active, and interactive process that occurs before, during, and after a person reads a particular piece of writing
• Comprehension


  Begins before the reader starts the text and is the mental process that allows the reader to understand the text. This continues even after the reading has been finished
• Elements of Reading Comprehension

  • Vocabulary Knowledge
  • Text Comprehension
• Vocabulary Knowledge


  The reader must be able to understand the vocabulary used by the writer
• Text Comprehension

  The reader puts together the vocabulary and different comprehension strategies to develop an understanding of the text
• Specific strategies to increase comprehension

  1. Skimming

  2. Scanning

  3. Detailed reading and note-taking

  4. Making Inferences

  5. Drawing Conclusions
• Skimming


  The process of speedy reading for general meaning. It concentrates on identifying the central or main points
• Scanning


  Focuses on the 3 parts of the piece (introduction, body, conclusion)
• Detailed reading and note-taking

  1. Underlining and highlighting the most important words or phrases

  2. Keywords

  3. Asking questions

  4. Summaries to check knowledge
• Making Inferences

  The ability of understanding implicit messages conveyed by a writer based on the reader’s schema or background knowledge
• Drawing Conclusions


  Gives the reader an experience to explore after reading the text
• Thesis Statement


  A sentence that bears the main idea of an article or an essay. It helps control the ideas within the paper. It tells the reader how he/she will interpret the significance of the subject matter. It serves as the map of the ideas in the paper
• Structure of an Academic Text

  1. Academic Text

  2. IMRAD Model

  3. Aim

  4. Research Questions

  5. Body

  6. Introduction

  7. Methods and Materials
• Academic Text


  Written material in an organized way and in a specific manner. It must be clear on all levels of academic text such as the entirety of the material, each section it presents, every paragraph it provides, and even in each sentence that bears a concept or an idea
• IMRAD Model


  • Introduction
  • Methods and Materials
  • Results
  • Discussion
• Aim

  Establishes the totality of the text and the components in all its parts. This encapsulates what you intend to achieve in your study
• Research Questions

  The aim in the academic text is usually general, hence, the aim can be trimmed down into research questions
• Body


  Ideas, concepts, and results are discussed in the body of the academic text. The writer must make it a point to develop and organize ideas that support the article’s argument or stance. The sentences must be unified, coherent, and cohesive to give a good, well-written article to the readers
• Introduction


  The text needs to start with something that readers can relate to and something that shows the field that the study will contribute to. It should provide everything the readers need to know to understand the aim. It can also be called background
• Methods and Materials

  Part of the academic text where the methods and materials used in the study are presented
• Introduction


  • Starts with something relatable to readers and shows the field the study contributes to
• Methods and Materials


  Process or steps taken to accomplish the aim and address research questions
• Transitional Devices


  Describes the order in which things are done or how things work
• Research
• Summarizing
• Paraphrasing
• Critical investigation


  It is what we do when we have a question or a problem we want to resolve
• Summarizing


  It is an important skill for learning. It is condensing the source material in just a few lines
• Paraphrasing


  Using your own words to express someone else’s ideas while still preserving the main ideas of the original source
• Techniques in Summarizing


  1. Selection: Select major idea, key words and phrases, special terms and interpretations presented in the original resource

  2. Rejection: Remove unnecessary data such as repetitions, examples, illustrations, anecdotes, redundant expressions, tables, and statistical data

  3. Substitution: Combine several sentences into one sentence, recommended to use sentence substitutions and one-word substitutions
• Outlining


  Helps identify the significant details to include and eliminate the irrelevant ones
• Principles in Writing a Reaction, Review, or Critique Paper

  1. A paper weighs, assesses, and judges both the merits and weaknesses of a piece, whether it be an article, movie, or a book

  2. Requires the writer’s analysis

  3. Anything that uses the reader’s senses to create images can be an object for review or critique
• Harry Show, as cited by Jimenez (2000), suggested mechanics for review: Know the scope and purpose of the book, the writer’s style of writing, and the theme of the work
• Tips in Writing a Good Reaction Paper


  Read the material carefully, articulate major arguments or points, describe each point clearly with in-depth analysis, cite credible sources, and provide examples when necessary