Q4 W1.2 - Fire and Fire-related Hazards

• Fire

  Useful if used in a controlled manner, can cause damage if situation goes out of control
• Fire triangle

  Describes the three elements necessary for fire: fuel, heat, and oxygen
• Fire tetrahedron


  Describes the three elements necessary for fire: fuel, heat, and oxygen
• Fire is an integral part of industrial safety
• Stages of fire

  1. Incipient

  2. Growth

  3. Fully Developed

  4. Decay (Burnout)
• Incipient Stage: Initial phase of a fire, often characterized by a small flame or the presence of smoke without flames. Easily manageable and can often be extinguished with portable fire extinguisher or other small firefighting equipment. Rapid response can prevent fire from growing and becoming more difficult to control
• Growth Stage: Fire rapidly spreads and increases in size and intensity, challenging to contain as it consumes available fuel and oxygen. Flames may spread to nearby combustible materials, and temperature increases significantly. Firefighters need to act quickly to prevent further spread and danger
• Fully Developed Stage: Fire reaches maximum size and intensity, consuming fuel and oxygen at a steady rate. Flames are largest and hottest, making it extremely dangerous for firefighters to approach. Hostile environment with high temperatures, thick smoke, and potential structural instability
• Decay (Burnout) Stage: Fire diminishes as it runs out of available fuel or oxygen. Flames decrease in intensity and may start to smolder. Firefighters need to remain vigilant as fire could reignite if sufficient fuel and oxygen are present
• Decay (Burnout) Stage: Final phase of the fire event, where fire continues to consume available fuel and oxygen until completely extinguished. Flames diminish further, and fire eventually dies out. Firefighters may need to conduct overhaul operations to ensure all hot spots are fully extinguished
• How Fire Spreads

  1. Conduction

  2. Convection

  3. Radiation
• Conduction

  Transmission of heat to materials by direct contact
• Convection


  Flow of liquid or gas from hot areas to cool areas
• Radiation


  Transmission of heat by electromagnetic waves until absorbed by other objects
• Fire spread

  1. Occurs when heat is transferred from a burning object to nearby materials through direct contact

  2. Convection involves the flow of liquid or gas from hot areas to cool areas

  3. Radiation is the transmission of heat by electromagnetic waves until it is absorbed by other objects
• Convection

  • Heated air or gases rising due to their lower density compared to cooler air, creating a convection current
• Radiation

  • Heat energy emitted from flames in the form of infrared radiation, traveling through the air and being absorbed by nearby objects
• Convection

  Significant factor in spreading fires in enclosed spaces such as buildings
• Radiation

  Particularly important in outdoor fires, igniting nearby materials through the emission of radiant heat
• Fire Safety Precautions

  • Check gas stove, tank, and hose
  • Create a Fire Safety Plan
  • Participate and take fire drills seriously
  • Know the number of local fire department
  • Unplug appliances when not in use
• Regularly inspecting gas stoves, tanks, and hoses for leaks or damage can help prevent gas-related fires
• Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008 (RA 9514) aims to ensure public safety by establishing fire prevention and safety standards throughout the Philippines
• Creating a comprehensive fire safety plan for home or workplace is essential, including evacuation routes, designated meeting points, emergency contact information, and procedures for alerting authorities
• Keeping the contact information for the local fire department readily accessible can expedite their response in case of a fire or other emergency
• Unplugging appliances when not in use reduces the risk of electrical fires caused by faulty wiring, overheating, or short circuits
• Minimize damage and injuries

  1. Unplug appliances when not in use

  2. Participate and take fire drills seriously
• Unplugging appliances when not in use


  • Reduces the risk of electrical fires caused by faulty wiring, overheating, or short circuits
• Participating in fire drills and training exercises

  • Essential for ensuring that everyone knows how to respond effectively in the event of a fire
  • Opportunities to practice evacuation procedures and familiarize with emergency exits and safety protocols
• What to do During a fire

  1. Follow the escape and fire drill plans

  2. RACE and PASS

  3. Use the stairs

  4. Rescue people who are in immediate danger

  5. Call the local fire department

  6. Stop, Drop, and Roll if cloth catches fire
• Call the local fire department

  1. As soon as you become aware of a fire emergency, call to report the fire and request assistance

  2. Provide clear and accurate information about the location, size, and nature of the fire
• Follow the escape and fire drill plans

  1. If in a building with established plans, follow them promptly and calmly

  2. Evacuate using designated routes and assembly points, avoid elevators
• Stop, Drop, and Roll if cloth catches fire


  Technique to extinguish flames if clothing catches fire
• Use the stairs


  During fire evacuation, always use stairs instead of elevators for safety
• Rescue people who are in immediate danger


  Assist individuals unable to evacuate on their own or in immediate danger to safety
• RACE and PASS

  1. RACE stands for Rescue, Alarm, Contain, and Extinguish

  2. PASS stands for Pull, Aim, Squeeze, and Sweep
• What to do After a fire

  Be sure all injured individuals are treated by doctors
• Do not return to the fire scene
• Pay attention to how others are handling or experiencing stress