FINGERPRINT

• Primary Classification


  • K
  • M
  • P
  • S
  • Ss
  • F
  • C
  • A
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 16
  • 8
  • 6
  • 7
  • 9
  • 10
• WHORL = with numerical value
• Loop = 0
• Arch = 0
• Numerator = EVEN finger (2+4+6+8+10) + 1
• Denominator = ODD finger (1+3+5+7+9)
• Symbol Pattern


  • Capital (2&7)
  • Small (1,3,4,5,6,8,9,10)
  • Plain Arch
  • Tented Arch
  • Radial Loop
  • Ulnar Loop
  • Plain Whorl
  • Central Pocket
  • Double Loop
  • Accidental
• Secondary Classification


  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
• Numerator = 12345
• Denominator = 678910
• Pattern


  • Capital (2&7)
  • Small (1,3,4,5,6,8,9,10)
  • Plain Arch
  • Tented Arch
  • Radial Loop
  • Ulnar Loop
  • Plain Whorl
  • Central Pocket
  • Double Loop
  • Accidental
• Sub-secondary Classification


  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
• Numerator = finger 2 3 4 (Right Index, Middle, Ring)
• Denominator = finger 7 8 9 (Left Index, Middle, Ring)
• If whorl = copy the tracing (I M O)
• If arch = (-)
• If LOOP (I = Inner) (O = Outer)
• Major Classification


  • 1
  • 6
• If whorl = (I M O)
• If LOOP pattern (S - Small) (M - Medium) (L - Large)
• Formula 1 (FIXED FOR LEFT THUMB)
• Formula 2
• NOTE: If the Left thumb is 16 and below, use Formula 1 for the Right Thumb. If the Left thumb is 17 and above, use Formula 2 for the Right Thumb
• Key Classification


  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
• Numerator ONLY = Ridge count of the FIRST LOOP only, Except finger 5 and 10
• If whorl, get the Ridge Count of: a) Plain Whorl & Central pocket = TREAT AS ULNAR LOOP b) Double Loop = UPRIGHT LOOP c) Accidental Whorl = LEAST RIDGE COUNT
• Final Classification


  • 5
  • 10
• Numerator = finger 5 (Right Little Finger)
• Denominator = finger 10 (Left Little Finger)
• If Loop, copy the Ridge Count. If whorl, get the Ridge Count of: d) Plain Whorl & Central pocket = TREAT AS ULNAR LOOP e) Double Loop = UPRIGHT LOOP f) Accidental Whorl = LEAST RIDGE COUNT
• If one finger is AMPUTATED/ TOTALLY SCARRED/MISSING AT BIRTH = Copy the opposite finger
• If BOTH fingers are AMPUTATED/ TOTALLY SCARRED/MISSING AT BIRTH = classify a WHORL - MEETING TRACING
• Personal Identification Techniques


  • Ridge ending: The abrupt end of a ridge
  • Ridge bifurcation: A single ridge that divides into two ridges
  • Short ridge: A ridge that commences, travels a short distance, and then ends
  • Island: A single small ridge inside a short ridge or ridge ending that is not connected to all other ridges
  • Ridge enclosure: A single ridge that bifurcates and reunites shortly afterwards to continue as a single ridge
  • Spur: A bifurcation with a short ridge branching off a longer ridge
  • Bridge: A short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges
  • Delta: A Y-shaped ridge meeting
  • Core: A U turn in the ridge pattern
  • Minutiae: Major features of a fingerprint
• Alphonse Bertillon was a French criminologist and anthropologist who created the first system of physical measurements, photography, and record-keeping that police could use to identify recidivist criminals
• Fingerprints were used in clay tablets for business transactions in Ancient Babylon


  1000 - 2000 BC
• Anthropometry was the first system of personal identification
• Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose were two Indian fingerprint experts credited with the primary development of the Henry System of fingerprint classification
• The Bertillon System focuses on the meticulous measurement and recording of different parts and components of the human body for identification
• Chiroscopy


  The examination and thorough study of the palms of the human hand as a point identifying persons
• Core


  • 1. Approximate center of the pattern
  • 2. It is placed upon or within the innermost sufficient recurve