Week 6

• zygote


  the term used to describe a developing organism immediately following conception until the embryo stage, or the first 2 gestational weeks in humans
• embryo

  the term used to describe a developing organism between the zygote and fetus stages, or between gestational weeks 3 and 8 in humans
• fetus


  the term used to describe a developing organism between the embryo stage and birth, or between gestational weeks 8 and approximately 40 in humans
• ectoderm


  develops into nerve tissue and skin
• endoderm


  source of body's soft tissue (ex. organs of digestive tract)
• typical/term births

  babies born between gestational weeks 37 and 42
• tetratogen


  a chemical agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus
• placenta


  an organ attached to the wall of the mother's uterus that provides the fetus with nutrients and oxygen; protects the fetus from exposure to toxins and disease
• fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

  a condition resulting from alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy that produces physical abnormalities + cognitive and behavioral problems in her child
• intersex


  presence of male and female features in the same individual
• sex

  physiological characteristics (ex. XX or XY genotype)
• gender

  psychosocial aspects of maleness-femaleness continuum
• motor development


  change in our ability to move and perform physical skills
• assimilation


  the incorporation of new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise the schema
• accommodation


  the incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema
• sensorimotor stage


  Jean Piaget's stage of development beginning at birth and ending at the age of 2 years; characterized by active exploration of the environment
• object permanence


  ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present
• preoperational stage


  Jean Piaget's stage of development beginning at the age of 2 years and ending at the age of 6 years; characterized by the use of symbols, egocentrism, and limits on ability to reason logically
• conservation

  the ability to understand that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its quantity
• egocentrism

  limitations on the ability to understand the point of view of other people
• concrete operational stage


  Jean Piaget's stage of development beginning at the age of 6 years and ending at the age of 12 years; characterized by logical but not abstract reasoning
• formal operational stage


  Jean Piaget's stage of development beginning at age 12 and extending through adulthood; characterized by mature reasoning capabilities
• Vygotsky


  stressed the role of culture and cultural differences in the development of the child; cultures teach children not only what to think but also how to think
• theory of mind (TOM)


  the understanding that others have thoughts that are different from one's own
• three categories of temperament

  surgency/extroversion, negative affect/mood, effortful control
• surgency/extroversion


  happy, active, vocal, and social
• negative affect/mood

  angry, fearful, shy, and frustrated
• effortful control

  ability to pay attention and inhibit behavior
• attachment

  emotional bond linking an infant to a parent or caregiver
• secure attachment


  a pattern of infant-caregiver bonding in which children explore confidently and return to the parent/caregiver for reassurance
• insecure attachment


  a pattern of infant-caregiver bonding that can take several forms but is generally characterized as less desirable for the child's outcomes than secure attachment
• parental support


  empathy and recognition of the child's perspective
• behavioral regulation

  supervision of the child's behavior; consistent discipline and clear expectations
• authoritative parenting style

  high behavioral regulation and high parental support
• authoritarian parenting style

  high behavioral regulation and low parental support
• indulgent parenting style

  low behavioral regulation and high parental support
• uninvolved parenting style

  low behavioral regulation and low parental support
• material indulgence

  provision of excessive possessions
• relational indulgence


  parents are overly protective and do things their children should be doing for themselves
• behavioral indulgence

  parents have low expectations for responsibility on the part of their children