1.2 chemistry of acids and bases

• empirical: a result of an observation
• aqueous solution: a solution in which water is the solvent (aq)
• acid:

  electrolyte

  corrosive

  red litmus

  sour
• base

  electrolyte

  corrosive

  blue litmus

  bitter
• neutral:

  can be electrolytic (if the solute is an ionic compound)

  does not change red or blue litmus
• wet deposition: gases or particles that are removed from the atmosphere by water (liquid or solid) and deposited as precipitation
• dry deposition: gases or particles that are transported by winds and absorbed by earth surface
• dissociation: the separation of a chemical substance into its individual ions in a solution
• electrostatic attraction: a force that acts to pull oppositely charged objects toward each other
• solute: a substance in a solution whose bonds are broken by a solvent; a substance that dissolves
• electrolytic solution: an aqueous solution that conducts an electric current
• ionic compound: a chemical substance formed from the mutual attraction of positive and negative ions
• molecular compound: a chemical substance formed by elements sharing valence electrons
• polarity: the presence of different regions of charge on a molecule
• hydronium ion: an ion created when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion; H20+(aq)
• acid: a substance that donates or loses a hydrogen ion to another substance during a chemical reactions
• base: a substance that accepts or gains a hydrogen ion from another substance during a chemical reaction
• conjugate acid: an acid formed in an acid-base reaction when a base accepts a hydrogen ion (or proton)
• conjugate base: a base formed in an acid-base reaction when an acid donates a hydrogen ion (or proton)
• acid rain: any form of precipitation (wet deposition) containing an excess of dissolved acids; wet deposition with a pH of 5.6 or less
• pH: a value that represents the concentration of dissolved hydronium ions, H20+(aq), with in a solution
• indicator: a substance that changes colour in response to the change in pH of a system
• strong and weak acid/base refers to the degree to which a substance will undergo ionization or dissociation
• strong acid and bases go though 100% ionization/dissociation
• 100% ionization/dissociation: once the reaction is complete there will be 0% of the unionized/dissociated forms in a solution
• weak acids/bases under go low ionization/dissociation. when the reaction is complete, there will still be a high percent of the molecules that did not undergo the process
• anthropogenic: coming from human activity