Extent of Detente up to 1979

• SALT 1

  • Anti - Ballistic Missile Treaty May 1972
  • The Interim Agreement May 1972
  • The Moscow Summit May 1972
• Anti - Ballistic Missile Treaty May 1972 - Key issues discussed and measures suggested

  • Concerned ABMs
  • Limited Soviet Union and USA to 2 fields of ABMs (No more than 100 missiles each)
  • 1 to protect capital city, 1 to protect ICBM sites
• Anti - Ballistic Missile Treaty May 1972 - Achievements (What was agreed)

  • No competition to further develop ABM tech
  • Made race to develop offensive strategic weapons less critical than (MIRVs)
• Anti - Ballistic Missile Treaty May 1972 - Limitation (Flaws and lack of agreement)

  • Limitations both US and USSR constructing two fields of ABMs
• The Interim Agreement May 1972 - Key issues under discussion and measures suggested

  • Linked strategic offensive (ICBMs, SLBMs and bombers) and defensive arms agreements
  • Freeze on strategic missiles
• The Interim agreement May 1972 - Achievements (What was agreed)

  • Significant to the establishment of Detente showed US accepted USSR's nuclear parity (balance of power)
• The Interim Agreement May 1972 - Limitations (Flaws and Lack of agreement)

  • Valid for only 5 years
  • Did not cover developing technology
  • No limits on cruise missiles systems
• The Moscow Summit May 1972 - Key issues under discussion and measures suggested

  • Finalised SALT and set out 'codes of behaviour' 12 principles
• The Moscow Summit May 1972 - Achievements (What was agreed)

  • Co exist and respect each other's sovereignty
  • Avoid military conflict and negotiate
  • Avoid international tensions accepting countries should live in peace
• The Moscow Summit May 1972 - Limitations (Flaws and lack of agreement)

  • Principles had no legal status
  • Kissinger dodging whether it was 'worth the effort' - only marginally useful
• SALT I

  • The Vladivostok Summit Nov 1974
  • Carter's impact on SALT II
  • The Vienna Summit Jun 1979
• The Vladivostok Summit Nov 1974 - Key issues under discussion an measures suggested

  • Kissinger talked with Brezhnev about number of strategic missile launchers and MIRVs
  • Ten year plan
  • Internal opposition in USA, liked to high levels of weapons being retained and apparent gains made by Soviet Union
• The Vladivostok Summit Nov 1974 - Achievement (What was agreed)

  • Soviet agreed to deal with equal levels of ICBMs launchers and SLBMs
• The Vladivostok Summit Nov 1974 - Limitations (Flaws and Lack of of agreement)

  • USA argued air to surface missiles applied to ballistic missiles
  • Brezhnev rejected new approach
  • Soviet Union argued it would include cruise missiles
• Carter's impact on SALT II - Key issues under discussion and measures suggested

  • Tried to be more ambitious in SALT II
• Carter's impact on SALT II - Achievement (What was agreed)

  Proposed terms:

  • Reduce number of launchers missiles MIRV from 1,320 to 1,100
  • Reducing strategic system from 2,400 level agreed at Vladivostok to between 1,800 to 2,000
• Carter's impact on SALT II - Limitations (Flaws and lack of agreemnt)

  • Under pressure from the public and advisors to keep hard line
  • Brezhnev rejecting proposal
• The Vienna Summit Jun 1979 - Key issues discussion and measures suggested

  • SALT II is signed in June 1979
• The Vienna Summit Jun 1979 - Achievements (What was agreed)

  • Each party undertakes to limit ICBM and SLBM launchers and heavy bombers to an aggregate 2,400
• The Vienna Summit Jun 1979 - Limitations (Flaws and lack of agreement)

  • Soviet Union invasion of Afghanistan in Dec 1979
• Ratified - Made binding and approved
• Nixon - 68 to 74
• Brezhnev - 64 to 92
• Detente = French meaning for 'relaxation of tension' from 1969 to 1979. Improved relations between Soviet Union and US avoid conflict
• 1969 - Nixon presidency
• 1979 - Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
• Realpolitik = Aiming to achieve realistic compromises rather than ideological objectives
• SALT = Strategic arms limitations talks
• Cruise missiles = A missile which is guided to a land based target by a board computer
• Gerald Ford = US president between August 1974 to January 1977 and he was a republican. Not elected by anybody kept Henry Kissinger. Lost to Carter in 1974
• Vladivostok = Far east of Russia
• Jimmy Carter = US president January 1977. Democrat. Peanut farmer. Human Rights advocate. Central to SALT II and withdrew it from senate. Blamed for hostage crisis in Tehran in 1979
• Evaluation: Extent of Detente impact on the arms race

  • Kissinger's position 1974
  • Carter's position in 1978
• Evaluation: Extent of Detente impact of the arms race

  Kissinger's position in 1974

  • SALT II agreement not reached by 1977
  • Interim agreement there would be huge expansionist of the arms race
  • USA had to stay ahead of the USSR yet still negotiate an agreement
• Evaluation: Extent of Detente impact on the arms race

  Carter's position 1978

  • US deploy new weapons programmes EG stealth bombers
  • Dec 1979: Carter convinced NATO to increase defence spending by 3% and deploy cruise across Europe
  • Further USSR deployment of missiles in warsaw pact allies
• Evaluation: Detente's impact on the arms race

  Has Detente proved successful in reducing the arms race?

  • USSR use detente period to catch up
• Evaluation: Detente's impact on the arms race

  What fundamental issues remain a problem?

  • Lack of Trust
  • Cycle of reaction
• Evaluation: Detente's impact on the arms race

  Threat of nuclear war increased or decreased?

  • Talking and cooperating
  • Recognising threat of arms race
• Detente in Europe - Ostopolitik

  Hallstein Doctrine, 1955

  • Name given to West Germany's policy
  • Aimed to not recognise the existence of Easter Germany. Only had a diplomatic relations with Soviet Union
  • Soviet Union recognised East Germany. Barrier to European detente
• Detente in Europe - Ostopolitik

  Ostopolitik

  • Define new approach to European East - West relations
  • Willy Brandt (Chancellor of West Germany) in Oct 1969
  • Chose to abandon Hallstein Doctrine