Second cold war

• June 1979 = Pope John Paul II visits Poland
• Dec 1979 = The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan
• 1980 Jan = President Carter announces his doctrine
• 1980 July = Strikes begin among shipyard workers in Gdansk
• 1980 Nov = Ronald Reagan is elected as the USA's president
• 1981 Dec = Martial law is introduced in Poland
• 1983 Sept = KAL 007 is shot down
• British overview of the Middle East and Western Intervention

  • Middle East: Avoiding generalizing
  • Sources of conflict since 1945
  • Sources of anti - US sentiment
  • Iran
  • Iranian Revolution 1979
  • Iraq
  • Cold war competition in the Middle East
• Brief overview of the Middle East and Western Intervention

  Middle East: Avoiding generalizing

  • Middle East includes non - Arab states (Iran, Israel) and is also ethnically diverse (kurds, Assyrians, Armenians, Turcomans)
  • Middle East is religiously diverse (Islam, Judaism, Christanity)
  • Not all Middle Eastern countries have oil - 30% of the world's oil production comes from the Middle East
  • Have oil = Iraq, Kuwait, Iran and Syria
  • Don't have oil = Israel, Egypt, Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon
• Brief overview of the Middle East and Western Intervention

  Sources of conflict since 1945

  • Ethnic and religious
  • Palestianian/Israeli conflict
  • Western Influence and intervention
  • Secularism v religious fundamentalism - often a reaction against modernity and Western influence
• Brief overview of the Middle East and Western Interventation

  The Middle East and the West

  • After WW1 - Mandate system in Gulf states
  • Britain - Palestine, Iraq and Transjordan
  • France - Syria, Lebanon
• Brief overview of the Middle East and Western intervention

  The Middle East and the West

  • ''Independent'' by the end of WWII but economic interests remained
  • Cold war competition for oil meant Middle East remained an area of Western intervention and influence
• Brief overview of the Middle East and Western intervention

  Sources of anti - US sentiment

  • History: Betrayal of Woodrow Wilson's ideal of ''self - determination'' and independence mandates
  • US actions during the cold war
  • Growing US presence in the 1970s: bases in Gulf states
  • US support for Israel; supporting dictatorships, when it suited , in Arab states (Saudi Arabia)
• Brief overview of the Middle East and Western intervention

  Iran

  • 1940s: Britain and USSR invaded (USSR overstay in USA) to protect supply routes
  • 1951: Mohammad Mossadeq, proponent of nationalizing oil, appointed Prime Minister
  • 1953: Mossadeq overthrown by US and UK intelligence; installation of pro - western shah (Operation Axechs)
  • 1953 - 79: Iran closely allied with the US
  • Iran was highly secularized and Westernized
• Brief overview of the Middle East and Western intervention

  Iranian Revolution 1979

  • Population revolution to overthrow the regime of the pro - west shah
  • Also a cultural revolution for ''revoluntionary Islam''
  • 1979: Ayatollah Khomeini established Republic of Iran - Hostage crisis for 444 days
  • 2002 labelled by press: Bush part of ''axis of evil''
  • Obama nuclear deal 2015
  • Trump withdraws from the deal 2019
• Brief overview of the Middle East and Western Intervention

  Cold war competition in the Middle East

  • USSR supported Egypt
  • US supported Israel, Iran and Saudi Arabia
  • Switches:
  • Egypt 1980s (Mubarak)
  • Iran 1979 (revolution)
• Why did the USSR invade Afghanistan?

  • Shared a 2,553 mile border and channel to the all rich persian Gulf region (buffer state)
  • Also believed Amin was unrealiable as an ally and unable to control the growing Islamic opposition
  • Soviets believed Amin might realign Afghanistan with US, Pakistan and China
• Why did the USSR invade Afghanistan?

  • Intended to preserve, not destroy the status quo
  • Military intervention was to preserve Afghanistan plunging into Chaos and becoming a victim of hostile external influences
  • Believed that their action in Afghanistan was consistent with basic principles of detente 1972
• Why did the USSR invade Afghanistan?

  • If Afghanistan aligned with USA, it would strengthen USA's geostrategic power
• USSR invasion of Afghanistan

  • USSR Vietnam - Civil war with guerilla activity conscription 100,000 troops high levels of desertation
  • USSR saw as vital to security interests (in keeping with basic principles treaty)
  • Seen as expansionist and a threat to world peace to the West
  • Carter's administration response was tough - Carter's doctrine, SALT II withdrawn from Congressional approved
  • Thatcher encouraged US hard line
• Impact of new personalities - Reagan

  • Reagan view previous administration: Blamed them for allowing USA to be taken advantage of and thereby allowing America's power globally to be eroded
• Impact of new personalities - Reagan

  • Reagan view the USSR: Soviet leaders being responsible for all levels of international unrest of global scale
• Unilaterism = Policy adopted by individual states. Acting on your own for the country
• Key features of Reagan's policy:

  • Critical of Detente (''One way street'')
  • Aggressively anti communist with moral outlook 'Evil empire'
  • Wanted to re - establish patriotism and pride in America
  • Closer ties with UK/Thatcher
• Key features of Reagan's policy:

  • Militarised counter - revolution (policies implemented to aggressively undermine communist forces - CIA forces and rollback
  • Reagan Doctrine - Halt spread of communism in Third World through covert operations
  • Large increase in military spending (30% Federal budget)
• Key features of Reagan's policy:

  • New technologies: Stealth bombers, Trident and SO Star wars
  • Prepared to compromise ethically for the greater good EG Funding unpopular regimes/forces $687 to the Mujahedin
  • Propaganda - 'Voice of America'
• Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) (1983)

  • Proposal to use ground and space based systems to protect the US from attack by nuclear ballistic missiles - Including lazers
  • Focused on strategic defense rather than doctrine of mutual assured destruction (MAD)
  • It was quickly nicknamed 'Star wars'
• Threats posed by Star Wars (SDI) (1983)

  • Violated previous agreements - Limited test ban treaty (1963), Outer space treaty (1967), ABM Treaty (1972)
  • Destabilized balance of terror - undermined MAD
  • Placed strain on Soviet economy - restarting an expensive arms race
• Threats posed by 'Star wars' (SDI) (1983)

  • Placed strains on Soviet negotiations - Who didn't understand the advanced technology
  • Generated opposition amongst both Western leaders (Thatcher) and domestically
• Reagan and the arms race (Talks)

  • Pressure from Europe and the domestic nuclear 'freeze' movement prompted Reagan to pursue some arms limitation talks in (1981)
• Reagan and the arms race (Talks)

  • START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks)
  • Initial talks stalled until mid (1982)
  • USA developed missiles in Europe (Nov 1983)
  • Continued cruise missiles and Pershing II * Development led the USSR to abandon talks so they didn't think the US wanted to negotiate an equitable and mutually beneficial outcome
  • 1st time over a decade that the 2 powers weren't engaged in any level of negotiation
• Soviet Leaders:

  • Vladimir Lenin (1922 - 1924)
  • Joseph Stalin (1924 - 1953)
  • Georgy Malenkov (1953 - 1953)
  • Nikita Khrushchev (1953 - 1964)
  • Leonid Brezhnev (1964 - 1982)
  • Yuri Andropov (1982 - 1984)
  • Konstantin Chernenko (1984 - 1985)
  • Mikhail Gorbachev (1985 - 1991)
• List of US presidents:

  • Harry Truman (1945 - 1953)
  • Dwight Eisenhower (1953 - 1961)
  • John F. Kennedy (1961 - 1963)
  • Lyndon Johnson (1963 - 1969)
  • Richard Nixon (1969 - 1974)
  • Gerald Ford (1974 - 1977)
  • Jimmy Carter (1977 - 1981)
  • Ronald Reagan (1981 - 1989)
  • George H.W Bush (1989 - 1993)
• Impact of new personalities:

  • Ronald Regan (1911 - 2004)
  • Margaret Thatcher (1925 - 2013)
  • Pope John Paul II (1920 - 2005)
• Gerontocracy - Rule by the elderly, in particular Brezhnev
• USSR's leadership:

  Gerontocracy

  • Conservatism (keep the same) within the politburo
  • Average of politburo (1961 - 58) (1981 - 71)
  • Poor communication and inflexibility - demonstrated by Korean air forces incident (1983)
• KAL 007 - Korean air lines

  • 1st September (1983)
  • A South Korean civilian airliner accidentally drifted into Soviet airspace and was shot down by Soviet fighter jets
  • Killed 269 people, 61 Americans and a US congressmen
• KAL 007: USSR response

  • Denied they were involved at first
  • They then claimed it was a US spy plane
  • Then surpressed evidence during an investigation and never apologised?
• Ronald Reagan (1911 - 2004)

  • Originally a Hollywood film star
  • Entered politics in 1966
  • Right Wing Republican who cut spending on domestic social programmes while increasing military spending
  • Adopted an aggressive policy towards Central America
  • 1983, ordered the invasion of Grenada in order to remove a Marxist regime
• Margaret Thatcher (1925 - 2013)

  • Became Britain's first female prime minister in 1979
  • 1982, she led Britain into a war with Argentina over control of Falkland Islands
  • She was an important link between Gorbachev, Reagan and Bush in bringing the cold war to and end