Study Guide

• are micronutrients organism specific?

  calcium and sodium are not essential for all cells
• are trace elements organism specific?

  yes, requirements vary per organism
• what are trace elements used for?

  co-enzymes and co-factors
• how is gene expression altered in hibernation?

  increase RPOS sigma factor
• when is DNA compacted and heat resistant proteins are added?

  during hibernation
• what morphological changes occur during hibernation?

  • cell division
  • smaller and rounder cells
  • more rigid cell envelope
• what two cellular processes are decreased during hibernation?

  metabolism and protein synthesis
• what part of endospores are heat resistant?

  cytoplasm
• what adaptation to nutrient limitation does giardia use?

  seed, makes enycsted form
• what 3 cell types does cyanobacteria produce during unfavorable conditions?

  1. homogonia
  2. heterocysts
  3. akinetes
• heterocysts are made during nitrogen limitation
• what changes are made in heterocyst cells?

  thickened cell wall to protect nitrogenase
• what fixation processes are stopped and which are utilized in heterocysts?

  stops O2 fixation, nitrogenase fixes nitrogen
• what types of cells are akinetes?

  resting cells
• what are the akinete cell features?

  carbon/nitrogen storage and thickened cell wall
• cells protect themselves from predators by:

  1. filamentous growth
  2. motility
  3. produce toxins
  4. biofilm formation
  5. communicate with other cells
  6. size reduction
  7. change cell wall structure